了解 NFT、質押和流動性挖礦的稅收影響

個人和機構應仔細考慮其稅務義務，並在沒有官方指導的情況下，諮詢稅務專業人士或採取最保守的方法，以避免未來昂貴的審計。

As crypto adoption deepens, especially in terms of emerging technologies like NFTs and the shift toward proof-of-stake blockchains, it's crucial to understand the tax implications of these activities. Here's a brief overview of how NFTs, staking and yield farming are taxed in the U.S.

隨著加密貨幣採用的加深，特別是在 NFT 等新興技術並向權益證明區塊鏈的轉變方面，了解這些活動的稅收影響至關重要。以下簡要概述了美國如何對 NFT、質押和流動性挖礦徵稅

Despite the massive growth in NFT initiatives by leading enterprises, such as Meta's announcement that Instagram will soon allow creators to mint and sell NFTs directly on the platform, or Reddit's entry into the NFT market, with over 2.5 million new wallets created and cumulative sales surpassing $6.5 million, there's still a lack of clear guidance on how NFTs are taxed in the U.S.

儘管領先企業的 NFT 舉措大幅增長，例如 Meta 宣布 Instagram 很快將允許創作者直接在平台上鑄造和銷售 NFT，或者 Reddit 進入 NFT 市場，創建了超過 250 萬個新錢包，累計銷量超過650 萬美元，美國對NFT 如何徵稅仍缺乏明確指導

However, based on the available information and the nature of NFTs, here's a general understanding of how they're taxed:

然而，根據現有資訊和 NFT 的性質，以下是對其徵稅方式的一般理解：

When an NFT is created and sold for the first time, any proceeds from the sale will be taxed as ordinary income. This applies to both the creator of the NFT and the initial buyer. For instance, if an artist mints and sells an NFT for 1 ETH, the artist's income from this sale will be 1 ETH, which is taxable as ordinary income at their applicable federal and state income tax rates.

當 NFT 首次創建和出售時，任何出售收益將作為普通收入徵稅。這適用於 NFT 的創建者和初始購買者。例如，如果藝術家以 1 ETH 的價格鑄造並出售 NFT，則藝術家從此次銷售中獲得的收入將為 1 ETH，該收入應作為普通收入按照適用的聯邦和州所得稅稅率納稅。

If an NFT is purchased and later sold on a secondary marketplace, such as OpenSea, the tax treatment will depend on whether the NFT was held for more than one year. If the NFT was held for one year or less, any proceeds from the sale will be taxed as short-term capital gains at the seller's applicable federal and state income tax rates.

如果購買 NFT 並隨後在 OpenSea 等二級市場上出售，稅務處理將取決於 NFT 持有時間是否超過一年。如果 NFT 持有時間為一年或更短，則出售所得的任何收益都將按照賣方適用的聯邦和州所得稅稅率作為短期資本利得徵稅。

On the other hand, if an NFT was held for more than one year before being sold, any proceeds from the sale will be taxed as long-term capital gains at the seller's applicable federal and state income tax rates. Short-term capital gains are taxed at ordinary income rates, while long-term capital gains are taxed at lower rates, depending on the seller's income and filing status.

另一方面，如果 NFT 在出售前持有超過一年，則出售所得的任何收益都將按照賣方適用的聯邦和州所得稅稅率作為長期資本利得徵稅。短期資本利得按普通所得稅稅率徵稅，而長期資本利得則按較低稅率徵稅，具體取決於賣方的收入和申報狀態。

It's important to note that the tax basis for an NFT sold on a secondary marketplace will be the original purchase price of the NFT. For example, if someone purchased an NFT on a primary sale for 0.5 ETH and later sold it on OpenSea for 1.2 ETH, their short-term capital gain would be 0.7 ETH (1.2 ETH - 0.5 ETH), which would be taxed at their applicable ordinary income tax rates.

需要注意的是，在二級市場上出售的 NFT 的稅基礎將是 NFT 的原始購買價格。例如，如果有人在一次銷售中以0.5 ETH 的價格購買了NFT，然後在OpenSea 上以1.2 ETH 的價格出售，那麼他們的短期資本收益將為0.7 ETH (1.2 ETH - 0.5 ETH)，這將按其適用的稅率課稅。

As part of the historic upgrade of Ethereum to proof-of-stake, many leading exchanges, such as Coinbase, are offering custodial staking opportunities, like 4-5% annual percent staking yields on ETH. Given these high yields and the fact that many people prefer to stake their crypto assets rather than sell them, especially in a down market, there's a lot of interest in how staking rewards are taxed.

作為以太坊向權益證明歷史性升級的一部分，許多領先的交易所（例如 Coinbase）正在提供託管質押機會，例如 ETH 的年利率為 4-5% 的質押收益率。考慮到如此高的收益率，以及許多人更願意抵押他們的加密資產而不是出售它們，尤其是在低迷的市場中，人們對如何對抵押獎勵徵稅很感興趣。

Although there's no official guidance on this matter, the Internal Revenue Service appears to view staking rewards as taxable, based on the following points:

儘管沒有關於此事的官方指導，但美國國稅局似乎認為質押獎勵應納稅，基於以下幾點：

The IRS includes a question on the 2022 U.S. individual income tax return about digital assets, which asks taxpayers to indicate if they received any new digital assets as a result of mining, staking and similar activities at any time during the year. This question is highly relevant to people who earned staking rewards in 2022.

美國國稅局在2022 年美國個人所得稅申報表中包含了一個有關數位資產的問題，要求納稅人說明他們在一年中的任何時間是否因挖礦、質押和類似活動而收到任何新的數位資產。這個問題與2022年獲得質押獎勵的人有高度相關。

The inclusion of “similar activities” in the tax return question suggests that the IRS broadly defines any receipt of a digital asset that was not made through a purchase with cash or exchange of another property as a taxable event.

報稅表問題中包含「類似活動」表明，美國國稅局將任何非透過現金購買或交換其他財產而獲得的數位資產廣泛定義為應稅事件。

The IRS also appears to be focusing on digital asset taxation more broadly, with a priority on issuing guidance relating to tax treatment of digital asset transaction validation, including staking, during 2023.

美國國稅局似乎也更廣泛地關注數位資產稅收，重點是在 2023 年期間發布與數位資產交易驗證（包括質押）稅務處理相關的指南。

Given the lack of official guidance on how staking rewards are taxed, an alternative view has been posited that rewards received from staking are not taxable upon receipt. Instead, any rewards received from staking may not be taxable until they're sold. Upon eventual sale, the rewards would be taxable as ordinary income (rather than capital gains), so they will not receive a favorable tax rate.

鑑於缺乏關於如何對質押獎勵徵稅的官方指導，另一種觀點認為，透過質押獲得的獎勵在收到時無需納稅。相反，從質押中獲得的任何獎勵在出售之前可能不需要納稅。最終出售後，獎勵將作為普通收入（而不是資本利得）納稅，因此他們不會獲得優惠的稅率。

This view was being litigated in federal court in Tennessee regarding Tezos staking rewards as part of a claim for a tax refund, but the government ultimately granted the refund and the case was dismissed. So, unless the IRS makes an express statement about the matter or it arises in litigation again, the issue will remain unresolved.

這種觀點正在田納西州聯邦法院就 Tezos 將獎勵作為退稅索賠的一部分提起訴訟，但政府最終批准了退稅，案件被駁回。因此，除非美國國稅局就此事做出明確聲明或再次提起訴訟，否則該問題仍將無法解決。

In the case of Ethereum staking rewards via a centralized exchange like Coinbase, the platform may issue a 1099-MISC to both individuals and the IRS for users who earn at least $600 in “miscellaneous” income. This means that the exchange will report any staking rewards to the IRS and the user, regardless of whether or not rewards can be unlocked.

對於透過像 Coinbase 這樣的中心化交易所進行以太坊質押獎勵的情況，該平台可能會向個人和 IRS 向賺取至少 600 美元「雜項」收入的用戶發放 1099-MISC。這意味著交易所將向國稅局和用戶報告任何質押獎勵，無論獎勵是否可以解鎖。

To avoid any potential issues or disputes with the IRS, especially considering the high tax rates that may apply

避免與國稅局發生任何潛在問題或爭議，特別是考慮到可能適用的高稅率