了解 NFT、质押和流动性挖矿的税收影响

个人和机构应仔细考虑其纳税义务，并在没有官方指导的情况下，咨询税务专业人士或采取最保守的方法，以避免未来昂贵的审计。

As crypto adoption deepens, especially in terms of emerging technologies like NFTs and the shift toward proof-of-stake blockchains, it's crucial to understand the tax implications of these activities. Here's a brief overview of how NFTs, staking and yield farming are taxed in the U.S.

随着加密货币采用的加深，特别是在 NFT 等新兴技术和向权益证明区块链的转变方面，了解这些活动的税收影响至关重要。以下简要概述了美国如何对 NFT、质押和流动性挖矿征税

Despite the massive growth in NFT initiatives by leading enterprises, such as Meta's announcement that Instagram will soon allow creators to mint and sell NFTs directly on the platform, or Reddit's entry into the NFT market, with over 2.5 million new wallets created and cumulative sales surpassing $6.5 million, there's still a lack of clear guidance on how NFTs are taxed in the U.S.

尽管领先企业的 NFT 举措大幅增长，例如 Meta 宣布 Instagram 很快将允许创作者直接在平台上铸造和销售 NFT，或者 Reddit 进入 NFT 市场，创建了超过 250 万个新钱包，累计销量超过650 万美元，美国对 NFT 如何征税仍缺乏明确指导

However, based on the available information and the nature of NFTs, here's a general understanding of how they're taxed:

然而，根据现有信息和 NFT 的性质，以下是对其征税方式的一般理解：

When an NFT is created and sold for the first time, any proceeds from the sale will be taxed as ordinary income. This applies to both the creator of the NFT and the initial buyer. For instance, if an artist mints and sells an NFT for 1 ETH, the artist's income from this sale will be 1 ETH, which is taxable as ordinary income at their applicable federal and state income tax rates.

当 NFT 首次创建和出售时，任何出售收益都将作为普通收入征税。这适用于 NFT 的创建者和初始购买者。例如，如果艺术家以 1 ETH 的价格铸造并出售 NFT，则艺术家从此次销售中获得的收入将为 1 ETH，该收入应作为普通收入按照适用的联邦和州所得税税率纳税。

If an NFT is purchased and later sold on a secondary marketplace, such as OpenSea, the tax treatment will depend on whether the NFT was held for more than one year. If the NFT was held for one year or less, any proceeds from the sale will be taxed as short-term capital gains at the seller's applicable federal and state income tax rates.

如果购买 NFT 并随后在 OpenSea 等二级市场上出售，税收处理将取决于 NFT 持有时间是否超过一年。如果 NFT 持有时间为一年或更短，则出售所得的任何收益都将按照卖方适用的联邦和州所得税税率作为短期资本利得征税。

On the other hand, if an NFT was held for more than one year before being sold, any proceeds from the sale will be taxed as long-term capital gains at the seller's applicable federal and state income tax rates. Short-term capital gains are taxed at ordinary income rates, while long-term capital gains are taxed at lower rates, depending on the seller's income and filing status.

另一方面，如果 NFT 在出售前持有超过一年，则出售所得的任何收益都将按照卖方适用的联邦和州所得税税率作为长期资本利得征税。短期资本利得按普通所得税税率征税，而长期资本利得则按较低税率征税，具体取决于卖方的收入和申报状态。

It's important to note that the tax basis for an NFT sold on a secondary marketplace will be the original purchase price of the NFT. For example, if someone purchased an NFT on a primary sale for 0.5 ETH and later sold it on OpenSea for 1.2 ETH, their short-term capital gain would be 0.7 ETH (1.2 ETH - 0.5 ETH), which would be taxed at their applicable ordinary income tax rates.

需要注意的是，在二级市场上出售的 NFT 的计税基础将是 NFT 的原始购买价格。例如，如果有人在一次销售中以 0.5 ETH 的价格购买了 NFT，然后在 OpenSea 上以 1.2 ETH 的价格出售，那么他们的短期资本收益将为 0.7 ETH (1.2 ETH - 0.5 ETH)，这将按其适用的税率征税。普通所得税税率。

As part of the historic upgrade of Ethereum to proof-of-stake, many leading exchanges, such as Coinbase, are offering custodial staking opportunities, like 4-5% annual percent staking yields on ETH. Given these high yields and the fact that many people prefer to stake their crypto assets rather than sell them, especially in a down market, there's a lot of interest in how staking rewards are taxed.

作为以太坊向权益证明历史性升级的一部分，许多领先的交易所（例如 Coinbase）正在提供托管质押机会，例如 ETH 的年利率为 4-5% 的质押收益率。考虑到如此高的收益率，以及许多人更愿意抵押他们的加密资产而不是出售它们，尤其是在低迷的市场中，人们对如何对抵押奖励征税很感兴趣。

Although there's no official guidance on this matter, the Internal Revenue Service appears to view staking rewards as taxable, based on the following points:

尽管没有关于此事的官方指导，但美国国税局似乎认为质押奖励应纳税，基于以下几点：

The IRS includes a question on the 2022 U.S. individual income tax return about digital assets, which asks taxpayers to indicate if they received any new digital assets as a result of mining, staking and similar activities at any time during the year. This question is highly relevant to people who earned staking rewards in 2022.

美国国税局在 2022 年美国个人所得税申报表中包含了一个有关数字资产的问题，要求纳税人说明他们在一年中的任何时间是否因挖矿、质押和类似活动而收到任何新的数字资产。这个问题与2022年获得质押奖励的人高度相关。

The inclusion of “similar activities” in the tax return question suggests that the IRS broadly defines any receipt of a digital asset that was not made through a purchase with cash or exchange of another property as a taxable event.

纳税申报表问题中包含“类似活动”表明，美国国税局将任何非通过现金购买或交换其他财产而获得的数字资产广泛定义为应税事件。

The IRS also appears to be focusing on digital asset taxation more broadly, with a priority on issuing guidance relating to tax treatment of digital asset transaction validation, including staking, during 2023.

美国国税局似乎还更广泛地关注数字资产税收，重点是在 2023 年期间发布与数字资产交易验证（包括质押）税务处理相关的指南。

Given the lack of official guidance on how staking rewards are taxed, an alternative view has been posited that rewards received from staking are not taxable upon receipt. Instead, any rewards received from staking may not be taxable until they're sold. Upon eventual sale, the rewards would be taxable as ordinary income (rather than capital gains), so they will not receive a favorable tax rate.

鉴于缺乏关于如何对质押奖励征税的官方指导，另一种观点认为，通过质押获得的奖励在收到时无需纳税。相反，从质押中获得的任何奖励在出售之前可能不需要纳税。最终出售后，奖励将作为普通收入（而不是资本利得）纳税，因此他们不会获得优惠的税率。

This view was being litigated in federal court in Tennessee regarding Tezos staking rewards as part of a claim for a tax refund, but the government ultimately granted the refund and the case was dismissed. So, unless the IRS makes an express statement about the matter or it arises in litigation again, the issue will remain unresolved.

这种观点正在田纳西州联邦法院就 Tezos 将奖励作为退税索赔的一部分提起诉讼，但政府最终批准了退税，案件被驳回。因此，除非美国国税局就此事做出明确声明或再次提起诉讼，否则该问题仍将得不到解决。

In the case of Ethereum staking rewards via a centralized exchange like Coinbase, the platform may issue a 1099-MISC to both individuals and the IRS for users who earn at least $600 in “miscellaneous” income. This means that the exchange will report any staking rewards to the IRS and the user, regardless of whether or not rewards can be unlocked.

对于通过像 Coinbase 这样的中心化交易所进行以太坊质押奖励的情况，该平台可能会向个人和 IRS 向赚取至少 600 美元“杂项”收入的用户发放 1099-MISC。这意味着交易所将向国税局和用户报告任何质押奖励，无论奖励是否可以解锁。

To avoid any potential issues or disputes with the IRS, especially considering the high tax rates that may apply

避免与国税局发生任何潜在问题或争议，特别是考虑到可能适用的高税率