最大可提取價值：了解 MEV 及其對加密產業的影響

最大可提取價值（MEV）是指礦工或網路驗證者透過重新排列區塊中的交易可以提取的最大值。這種無形稅通常在以太坊和其他區塊鏈上提取，是透過套利、清算和三明治攻擊等技術產生的。了解 MEV 並實施對策，例如使用 RPC 端點、設定較低的滑點容忍度以及探索具有 MEV 保護的 DEX，可以保護使用者免受利用。

What Is MEV?

Maximal extractable value, popularly known as MEV, refers to the maximum value miners or network validators can extract by rearranging and reordering transactions waiting to be added to the blockchain.

什麼是MEV？

Key Takeaways

• MEV is the maximum amount of value miners or network validators can extract by rearranging and reordering transactions waiting for confirmation.

  關鍵要點MEV 是礦工或網路驗證者可以透過重新排列和重新排序等待確認的交易來提取的最大價值量。

• It is commonly referred to as the “invisible tax” miners collect from other participants in the cryptocurrency market.

  它通常被稱為礦工從加密貨幣市場的其他參與者收取的「隱形稅」。

• MEV is a prominent phenomenon on Ethereum. However, it is not unique to the smart contract platform.

  MEV 是以太坊上的一個突出現象。然而，它並不是智能合約平台所獨有的。

• This article explains the maximal extractable value phenomenon, how it impacts the crypto industry, and how to avoid it.

  本文解釋了最大可提取價值現象、它如何影響加密貨幣產業以及如何避免它。

The MEV phenomenon was first highlighted in 2014 by a pseudonymous algorithmic trader, Pmcgoohan, who predicted that miners might be able to manipulate the transactions in the validation process to generate a profit. “Miners can see all the contract code they run (obviously) and the order in which transactions run is up to individual miners. What is to stop front running by a miner in any marketplace implementation by Ethereum?”, they wrote in a post on Reddit.

MEV 現象於 2014 年首次由匿名演算法交易員 Pmcgoohan 提出，他預測礦工可能能夠在驗證過程中操縱交易以產生利潤。 「礦工可以（顯然）看到他們運行的所有合約代碼，而交易運行的順序取決於各個礦工。他們在 Reddit 上的一篇文章中寫道：“如何阻止礦工在以太坊實施的任何市場中進行搶先交易？”

However, the MEV term was not coined until 2019 when Phil Daian and other smart contract researchers wrote a paper titled “Flash Boys 2.0”. In the 2019 research paper, the term denoted miner extractable value, which Daian and his colleagues defined as the total amount of ETH miners can extract from reordering transactions within a given block.

然而，直到 2019 年 Phil Daian 和其他智能合約研究人員撰寫了一篇題為「Flash Boys 2.0」的論文時，MEV 一詞才被創造出來。在 2019 年的研究論文中，該術語表示礦工可提取價值，Daian 和他的同事將其定義為礦工可以從給定區塊內的重新排序交易中提取的 ETH 總量。

In 2022, following Ethereum’s transition from the Proof-of-Work (PoW) to a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, the MEV term changed to “maximal extractable value” to represent a broader range of techniques to extract value from users. It is worth noting that while the MEV phenomenon is most prominent on the Ethereum network, it is also common on other blockchains.

2022 年，隨著以太坊從工作量證明 (PoW) 過渡到權益證明 (PoS) 共識機制，MEV 術語更改為“最大可提取價值”，以代表更廣泛的從中提取價值的技術用戶。值得注意的是，雖然 MEV 現像在以太坊網路上最為突出，但在其他區塊鏈上也很常見。

How Does MEV Work?

Maximal extractable value (MEV) is possible due to the decentralized nature of blockchain technology and the cryptocurrency industry. Contrary to the traditional finance world, where transaction orders are rigidly enforced, crypto miners and validators can reorder and sequence a set of transactions as they wish within a given block.

MEV 如何運作？與嚴格執行交易訂單的傳統金融世界相反，加密貨幣礦工和驗證者可以在給定的區塊內按照自己的意願對一組交易進行重新排序和排序。

In the decentralized cryptocurrency system – both the PoW and PoS consensus mechanisms, pending transactions are temporarily sent to and held in the blockchain’s mempool, a publicly accessible waiting area. The transactions in this mempool are selected by miners or network validators, who then sequence order them to create a block that is then verified and added to the blockchain. In theory, miners/validators should simply prioritize processing transactions by gas fees; however, because of the transparency of the mempool, it gives rise to other more profitable opportunities to extract value, such as arbitrage, sandwich attacks, and liquidations.

在去中心化的加密貨幣系統中——PoW 和 PoS 共識機制，待處理的交易被暫時發送到並保存在區塊鏈的記憶體池中，這是一個可公開存取的等待區。該記憶體池中的交易由礦工或網路驗證器選擇，然後對它們進行排序以創建一個區塊，然後對該區塊進行驗證並將其添加到區塊鏈中。理論上，礦工/驗證者應該簡單地按照天然氣費優先處理交易；然而，由於內存池的透明度，它帶來了其他更有利可圖的價值提取機會，例如套利、三明治攻擊和清算。

On paper, miners and validators should receive the maximal extractable value since they are responsible for the execution and, ultimately, the success of MEV extraction. However, in actual practice, MEV extraction is mainly carried out by independent network participants known as “searchers,” who use complex algorithms and bots to detect MEV opportunities and generate profit.

從理論上講，礦工和驗證者應該獲得最大的可提取價值，因為他們負責 MEV 提取的執行以及最終的成功。然而，在實際操作中，MEV 提取主要由被稱為「搜尋者」的獨立網路參與者進行，他們使用複雜的演算法和機器人來檢測 MEV 機會並產生利潤。

In the most common MEV types, these searchers pay high gas fees to incentivize the miners or validators to include their transactions in target blocks in order to derive additional value. The gas fees often serve as incentives and as the portion of the maximal extractable value that goes to the miners and validators. In recent times we have even seen searchers partner directly with miners / validators for MEV extraction. 

在最常見的 MEV 類型中，這些搜尋者支付高額汽油費來激勵礦工或驗證者將其交易納入目標區塊中，以獲得額外價值。天然氣費通常作為激勵措施，並作為分配給礦工和驗證者的最大可提取價值的一部分。最近，我們甚至看到搜尋者直接與礦工/驗證者合作進行 MEV 提取。

Types of MEV

To fully understand the concept of MEV, it is essential to discuss the different ways through which these searchers generate additional value in the market. Below, we will dive into details of the different MEV types in the current crypto landscape.

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DEX Arbitrage

In the traditional financial system, arbitrage takes advantage of a difference in an asset’s price across different trading venues. Similarly, arbitrage-based MEV extraction takes advantage of price discrepancies of tokens across various decentralized exchanges (DEXs).

DEX 套利在傳統金融體系中，套利利用不同交易場所資產價格的差異。同樣，基於套利的 MEV 提取利用了各個去中心化交易所 (DEX) 之間代幣的價格差異。

In this MEV type, searchers generate additional value by purchasing tokens at a lower price on one exchange to sell them on another exchange at a higher value. They also derive a profit by taking advantage of any price discrepancies across different liquidity pools on the same exchange.

在這種 MEV 類型中，搜尋者透過在一個交易所以較低的價格購買代幣，然後在另一個交易所以較高的價格出售它們來產生額外的價值。他們還透過利用同一交易所不同流動性池之間的任何價格差異來獲取利潤。

Here’s a scenario – let’s assume the exchange rates of BUSD/SOL in two separate liquidity pools (LP1 and LP2) on PancakeSwap V2 are 143 BUSD and 146 BUSD for 1 SOL, respectively. 

以下是一個場景－假設 PancakeSwap V2 上兩個獨立流動性池（LP1 和 LP2）中 BUSD/SOL 的匯率分別為 1 SOL 兌換 143 BUSD 和 146 BUSD。

A searcher can take advantage of the arbitrage opportunity within the same block itself by injecting the following transactions into the block;

搜尋者可以透過將以下交易注入到區塊中來利用同一塊本身內的套利機會；

1. Sell 50 SOL in LP2 and receive 7,300 BUSD.

   在 LP2 中出售 50 SOL 並獲得 7,300 BUSD。

2. Sell 7,300 BUSD in LP1 and receive 51.05 SOL.

   在 LP1 中出售 7,300 BUSD 並獲得 51.05 SOL。

From the example above, the searcher generates a profit of 1.05 SOL (excluding the transaction costs for the two transactions). While it might seem like an unfair advantage, arbitrage helps to improve DeFi market efficiency by ensuring token prices are aligned across different exchanges.

從上面的例子來看，搜尋者產生了 1.05 SOL 的利潤（不包括兩筆交易的交易成本）。雖然這看起來像是不公平的優勢，但套利透過確保不同交易所的代幣價格保持一致，有助於提高 DeFi 市場效率。

Liquidations

In decentralized finance, liquidation is a process that occurs when the value of a borrower’s collateral does not cover the value of their loan or debt. Once a debt is liquidated, any individual can purchase the original collateral at a discount and resell the asset at a higher price to make a profit.

清算在去中心化金融中，清算是當借款人抵押品的價值不足以涵蓋其貸款或債務的價值時發生的過程。一旦債務被清算，任何個人都可以以折扣價購買原始抵押品，並以更高的價格轉售資產以獲取利潤。

In this MEV type, searchers act as liquidators who scan the blockchain for unhealthy loan positions that need to be liquidated. These individuals identify loan positions that are eligible for liquidation, acquire the borrowers’ collaterals at a discounted price, and resell at a higher price to gain extra value.

在這種 MEV 類型中，搜尋者充當清算人，掃描區塊鏈以查找需要清算的不健康貸款頭寸。這些人確定有資格清算的貸款頭寸，以折扣價購買借款人的抵押品，並以更高的價格轉售以獲得額外價值。

Indeed, this type of MEV is often neutral and non-harmful because liquidations are a regular occurrence in any financial system that allows buying and borrowing. However, liquidations can sometimes be malicious and are referred to as “toxic liquidations.”

事實上，這種類型的 MEV 通常是中性且無害的，因為清算是任何允許購買和借貸的金融體系中經常發生的情況。然而，清算有時可能是惡意的，被稱為「有毒清算」。

Sandwich Attacks

Sandwich attacks are a malicious type of MEV, where the searcher executes a transaction ahead of an initially identified trade (front-running) and follows the target transaction with another trade (back-running). This strategy is often employed to take advantage of large orders that cause the price of assets to fluctuate.

三明治攻擊三明治攻擊是 MEV 的一種惡意類型，其中搜尋者在最初識別的交易之前執行交易（搶先交易），並在目標交易之後執行另一筆交易（後交易）。這種策略通常用於利用導致資產價格波動的大訂單。

Here's a simple breakdown of a sandwich attack;

這是三明治攻擊的簡單分解；

1. MEV searcher executes a buy order, driving up the asset’s price.

   MEV 搜尋者執行買入訂單，推高資產價格。

2. MEV target purchases the asset at a higher price.

   MEV目標以更高的價格購買該資產。

3. MEV searcher sells the asset at the higher price, gaining a profit from the price difference

   MEV搜尋者以更高的價格出售資產，從差價中獲取利潤

Front-running

Front-running is the first phase in a sandwich attack, which involves searching through a blockchain’s mempool for pending transactions that could impact a specific asset’s price and from which they can extract significant value. For instance, if a frontrunner – often a sophisticated bot –- detects a large buy order for a specific cryptocurrency, they recognize that this transaction could drive the token’s value higher once confirmed.

搶先交易搶先交易是三明治攻擊的第一階段，涉及在區塊鏈的記憶體池中搜尋可能影響特定資產價格並從中提取重大價值的待處理交易。例如，如果領跑者（通常是複雜的機器人）偵測到特定加密貨幣的大額購買訂單，他們就會意識到，一旦確認，這筆交易可能會推高代幣的價值。

The bot will then create a buy order for the same token, to get their transaction processed before the target transaction. They assign a higher gas price to their transaction, incentivizing the validator to prioritize their buy order over the initially detected transaction.

然後，機器人將為同​​一代幣創建一個買入訂單，以便在目標交易之前處理其交易。他們為交易分配更高的汽油價格，激勵驗證者將其購買訂單優先於最初檢測到的交易。

Back-running

To complete the sandwich attack, the bot also creates a sell order, intending to have it executed right after the target transaction, thereby selling the asset at a higher price. This strategy is known as back-running, and it is accomplished by assigning a lower gas price to the second trade to ensure that it is validated after the target transaction. 

為了完成三明治攻擊，機器人還會創建一個賣單，打算在目標交易之後立即執行，以更高的價格出售資產。這種策略稱為反向運行，它是透過為第二筆交易分配較低的汽油價格來完成的，以確保它在目標交易之後得到驗證。

Ultimately, this type of MEV will reduce the value the targeted traders would have otherwise gained from their transactions. Meanwhile, the searcher benefits from the price fluctuations triggered by the target transaction.

最終，這種類型的 MEV 將減少目標交易者原本可以從交易中獲得的價值。同時，搜尋者從目標交易引發的價格波動中受益。

MEV Attacks and How to Avoid Them

Having gone through the various types of MEV, it is clear how MEV attacks may significantly affect participants on a blockchain network, particularly the decentralized finance space. Below are some of the countermeasures to avoid falling victim to MEV attacks.

MEV 攻擊以及如何避免它們在了解了各種類型的 MEV 後，很明顯 MEV 攻擊可能如何顯著影響區塊鏈網路上的參與者，特別是去中心化金融領域。以下是避免成為 MEV 攻擊受害者的一些對策。

1. RPC Endpoints (MEV Blockers)

MEV blockers are software tools that protect users from MEV exploitation. Since MEV extraction relies on rearranging transactions in a new and profitable order, it is possible to avoid this manipulation by submitting transactions to a specialized network of searchers bound by specific rules that ensure favorable execution for users.

RPC 端點（MEV 攔截器）MEV 攔截器是保護使用者免受 MEV 攻擊的軟體工具。由於 MEV 提取依賴於以新的且有利可圖的順序重新排列交易，因此可以透過將交易提交到受特定規則約束的專門搜尋者網路來避免這種操縱，以確保用戶有利的執行。

MEV blockers operate through RPC (Remote Procedure Call) endpoints, a communication protocol between the blockchain and a user’s wallet. RPC endpoints safely reroute towards the aforementioned network of searchers rather than sending transactions to the publicly visible mempool where malicious searchers are waiting to strike.

MEV 攔截器透過 RPC（遠端過程呼叫）端點進行操作，RPC 是區塊鏈和用戶錢包之間的通訊協定。 RPC 端點安全地重新路由到上述搜尋者網絡，而不是將交易發送到惡意搜尋者等待攻擊的公開可見記憶體池。

The specialized network of searchers commits to not front-run or sandwich users’ transactions. Contrarily, they even extract value and put money back into the users’ pockets by back-running large transactions and returning a large portion of the gains. 

專業的搜尋者網路承諾不會搶先或夾擊用戶的交易。相反，他們甚至透過反向運行大額交易並返還大部分收益來提取價值並將資金放回用戶的口袋。

2. Lower Slippage Tolerance

Slippage is defined as the difference between the intended execution price of a transaction and the actual execution price of the transaction. This often occurs in crypto due to the volatile nature of the market, and it accounts for why some MEV attacks are possible.

滑點下限容忍度滑點定義為交易的預期執行價格與交易的實際執行價格之間的差額。由於市場的波動性，這種情況在加密貨幣中經常發生，這也解釋了為什麼一些 MEV 攻擊是可能的。

A slippage tolerance allows the execution of a transaction only if the token price remains within the set range. Setting a lower slippage tolerance can help protect users against sandwich attacks and limit unexpected losses.

僅當當代幣價格維持在設定範圍內時，滑點容差才允許執行交易。設定較低的滑點容忍度可以幫助保護使用者免受三明治攻擊並限制意外損失。

Here’s an example – an exploiter places a large order ahead of a trader’s transaction, which triggers a significant shift in the token price. If this price change exceeds the trader’s slippage tolerance, their transaction will get canceled.

這是一個例子——剝削者在交易者交易之前下達了大額訂單，這引發了代幣價格的重大變化。如果價格變動超出交易者的滑點容忍度，他們的交易將被取消。

3. Priority Gas Fees

Although selecting lower gas fees for transactions is the most economical option, there is the risk that the transactions may be processed slowly and discovered by malicious actors. Hence, traders should consider paying priority gas fees for their transactions, especially large amounts, in order to avoid falling victim to MEV attacks. 

優先 Gas 費雖然為交易選擇較低的 Gas 費用是最經濟的選擇，但存在交易處理緩慢並被惡意行為者發現的風險。因此，交易者應考慮為其交易支付優先 Gas 費，尤其是大額交易，以避免成為 MEV 攻擊的受害者。

Miners or validators will prioritize and process a transaction with a higher gas fee, and attackers will need to assign an even higher fee to front-run such a transaction. Ultimately, the steep price and cost-reward ratio may discourage most searchers from targeting the transaction.

礦工或驗證者將優先處理具有較高 Gas 費用的交易，攻擊者將需要分配更高的費用來搶先執行此類交易。最終，高昂的價格和成本回報率可能會阻止大多數搜尋者瞄準該交易。

4. DEX-Native MEV Protection

Traders can protect themselves from MEV exploits by utilizing DEXs or dApps designed to mitigate the impacts of MEV. CoW Protocol, for instance, is a DEX aggregator that employs batch auctions and intents as its trading mechanism to produce favorable results for users.

DEX 原生 MEV 保護交易者可以利用旨在減輕 MEV 影響的 DEX 或 dApp 來保護自己免受 MEV 的攻擊。例如，CoW Protocol 是一個 DEX 聚合器，它採用批量拍賣和意圖作為其交易機制，為用戶產生有利的結果。

A batch auction is a type of trading mechanism that collects orders together in batches and “auctions” them to execution parties (also known as solvers) who compete with each other to find the most optimal order settlement paths. This technique enforces specific execution rules that prevent MEV exploits.

批量拍賣是一種交易機制，它將訂單批量收集在一起，並將其「拍賣」給執行方（也稱為求解器），執行方相互競爭以找到最佳的訂單結算路徑。該技術強制執行特定的執行規則，以防止 MEV 被利用。

MEV on Solana vs. MEV on Ethereum

Although MEV and MEV-related exploits are most popular on the Ethereum network, they are not restricted to the smart contract platform. Maximal extractable value is a common phenomenon on other blockchains and smart contract platforms, such as Solana. However, there are different manifestations of MEV on these blockchains due to their unique designs and consensus mechanisms.

Solana 上的 MEV 與以太坊上的 MEV 儘管 MEV 和 MEV 相關的漏洞在以太坊網路上最流行，但它們並不局限於智慧合約平台。最大可提取價值是其他區塊鏈和智慧合約平台（例如 Solana）上的常見現象。然而，由於其獨特的設計和共識機制，MEV 在這些區塊鏈上有不同的表現。

Here, we'll look at how the maximal extractable value on Ethereum compares to that on Solana under the following topics.

在這裡，我們將在以下主題下比較以太坊上的最大可提取價值與 Solana 上的最大可提取價值的比較。

1. Consensus Mechanism

Ethereum network is a proof-of-stake network. Solana, on the other hand, operates on a unique combination of Proof-of-History (PoH) and delegated Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanisms. This forms the foundation of the differences between both blockchains in terms of MEV extraction.

共識機制以太坊網路是一個權益證明網路。另一方面，Solana 採用歷史證明 (PoH) 和委託權益證明共識機制的獨特組合來運作。這構成了兩個區塊鏈在 MEV 提取方面差異的基礎。

For instance, Solana’s PoH mechanism operates by establishing a trustless and verifiable order of transactions on the blockchain. The chronological nature of this consensus algorithm makes it difficult to rearrange or manipulate transactions in order to gain additional value, as in the case of front-running attacks.

例如，Solana 的 PoH 機制透過在區塊鏈上建立去信任且可驗證的交易順序來運作。這種共識演算法的時間順序性質使得重新安排或操縱交易以獲得額外價值變得困難，就像搶先交易的情況一樣。

2. Network Infrastructure

The difference in the design of Solana and Ethereum provides another point of comparison between both networks in terms of MEV. There are certain features that make users of either blockchain vulnerable to MEV-related exploits.

網路基礎設施 Solana 和以太坊設計的差異提供了兩個網路在 MEV 方面的另一個比較點。有些功能使任一區塊鏈的用戶都容易受到 MEV 相關漏洞的攻擊。

For instance, unlike Ethereum’s, the Solana infrastructure does not have a publicly visible mempool, where transactions wait for validation. This means that searchers can’t target individual transactions, reducing the possibility of sandwich attacks and front-running transactions.

例如，與以太坊不同，Solana 基礎設施沒有公開可見的記憶體池，交易等待驗證。這意味著搜尋者無法針對單一交易，從而減少了三明治攻擊和搶先交易的可能性。

Solana is a Layer 1 blockchain, which, upon launch, was dubbed the “Ethereum Killer” because of its relatively higher speed and better energy efficiency. As a result of its high throughput and low latency, transactions are processed quickly and in large volumes, limiting the window of opportunity for MEV exploits.

Solana 是第 1 層區塊鏈，一推出就因其相對較高的速度和更好的能源效率而被稱為「以太坊殺手」。由於其高吞吐量和低延遲，交易可以快速且大量地處理，從而限制了 MEV 漏洞的機會視窗。

What’s more, transaction fees on Solana are virtually nonexistent compared to Ethereum. With the negligible costs of most transactions, it is challenging to engage in MEV practices that rely on gas wars for favorable placement. If a searcher can not push their order ahead of a target transaction by assigning a higher gas fee, then the possibility of front-running such a transaction is close to zero.

此外，與以太坊相比，Solana 上的交易費用幾乎不存在。由於大多數交易的成本可以忽略不計，參與依賴天然氣戰爭以獲得有利地位的 MEV 實踐具有挑戰性。如果搜尋者無法透過分配更高的汽油費來將其訂單推到目標交易之前，那麼搶先交易此類交易的可能性接近零。

However, Solana is more susceptible to MEV NFT bots, where bots swarm the NFT minting program with mint requests to get as many NFTs as possible upon launch and resell them immediately. This is possible due to the low transaction gas fees on Solana, with the effect of impacting the NFT market and also congests the network. Proposed solutions include a “tax” for invalid transaction and dynamic pricing for popular NFTs. 

然而，Solana 更容易受到 MEV NFT 機器人的影響，這些機器人會向 NFT 鑄造程式發出鑄造請求，以便在發布後獲得盡可能多的 NFT 並立即轉售。這是可能的，因為 Solana 的交易 Gas 費用較低，從而影響了 NFT 市場並導致網路擁塞。提議的解決方案包括對無效交易徵收“稅”以及對流行的 NFT 進行動態定價。

Final Thoughts

Maximal extractable value is a phenomenon in the crypto space that has continued to evolve over the years. Understanding the distinct techniques of MEV on different blockchain platforms is essential to adapt to the evolving risks and avoid becoming unwilling victims of such exploits.

最後的想法最大可提取價值是加密貨幣領域多年來不斷發展的現象。了解 MEV 在不同區塊鏈平台上的獨特技術對於適應不斷變化的風險並避免成為此類漏洞的受害者至關重要。

As addressed in this article, there are different individual-based strategies and protocol-level methods for protection against MEV-related activities. While some cases of MEV extractions are deemed malicious, there are still some advantages attached to having such activities in the cryptocurrency market.

如本文所述，有不同的基於個人的策略和協議級方法來防範 MEV 相關活動。雖然某些 MEV 提取案例被認為是惡意的，但在加密貨幣市場進行此類活動仍然具有一些優勢。

Some MEV strategies, such as arbitrage, help to enhance efficiency in the cryptocurrency market by ensuring the alignment of prices across various exchanges. All in all, maximal extractable value is a hot and complex topic that requires much more in-depth research for a better understanding.

一些 MEV 策略（例如套利）透過確保各個交易所的價格保持一致，有助於提高加密貨幣市場的效率。總而言之，最大可提取價值是一個熱門且複雜的話題，需要更深入的研究才能更好地理解。

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Opeyemi Oluwatosin

Opeyemi is a proficient content writer who spends his time shedding light on the complexities and interesting narratives in the cryptocurrency market and space. When not clicking away at his keyboard, Opeyemi finds solace in poetry, listens to music, or engages in political discourses.

CoinGecko 的內容編輯指南CoinGecko 的內容旨在揭開加密貨幣產業的神秘面紗。雖然您看到的某些帖子可能受到贊助，但我們努力維護編輯品質和誠信的最高標準，並且不會發布任何未經我們編輯審查的內容。 Opeyemi OluwatosinOpeyemi 是一位熟練的內容作家，他花時間闡明加密貨幣市場和空間的複雜性和有趣的敘述。當不敲擊鍵盤時，奧佩耶米會在詩歌中尋找安慰、聽音樂或參與政治對話。

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