第 2 層與執行分片：Vitalik 揭示核心差異

第 2 層和執行分片之間的主要區別在於執行環境的多樣性。以太坊 L2 已經成功地扮演了執行環境的角色，當代討論的焦點是相當於 Layer 2 的 EVM。

Layer 2 solutions and execution sharding are both techniques used to improve the scalability of the Ethereum blockchain. However, there is a key difference between the two approaches.

第 2 層解決方案和執行分片都是用來提高以太坊區塊鏈可擴展性的技術。然而，這兩種方法之間有一個關鍵的區別。

Layer 2 solutions introduce a new layer of computation that is separate from the Ethereum main chain. This allows transactions to be processed off-chain, which can significantly reduce congestion and transaction fees. In contrast, execution sharding splits the Ethereum main chain into multiple smaller shards, each of which is responsible for processing a portion of the transactions.

第 2 層解決方案引進了獨立於以太坊主鏈的新計算層。這使得交易可以在鏈外進行處理，從而可以顯著減少擁塞和交易費用。相較之下，執行分片將以太坊主鏈分割成多個較小的分片，每個分片負責處理一部分交易。

The different execution environments are a result of the variety of layer 2 solutions that have been developed. The Ethereum L2s serve as execution environments, and discussions typically focus on the EVM equivalent of layer 2.

不同的執行環境是已開發的各種第 2 層解決方案的結果。以太坊 L2 作為執行環境，討論通常集中在相當於第 2 層的 EVM。

Approaches like Arbitrum Stylus, Aztec, and Fuel showcase different ways of achieving this. Arbitrum Stylus features a second virtual machine backed by WASM, a binary instruction format. This allows for greater efficiency and flexibility in transaction processing. Fuel, on the other hand, uses UTXO-supported architecture, which has clear similarities with the Bitcoin blockchain. The architecture is designed to be optimized for high-throughput transactions.

Arbitrum Stylus、Aztec 和 Fuel 等方法展示了實現這一目標的不同方法。 Arbitrum Stylus 具有由 WASM（一種二進位指令格式）支援的第二個虛擬機器。這可以提高交易處理的效率和靈活性。另一方面，Fuel 採用 UTXO 支援的架構，與比特幣區塊鏈有明顯的相似之處。該架構旨在針對高吞吐量交易進行最佳化。

The Aztec presents a novel language and programming system specifically tailored for smart contracts. This enables the creation of more complex and efficient contracts, which can enhance the functionality of layer 2 applications. There are also possibilities of upgrading EVM into a more feature-rich VM.

Aztec 提出了一種專為智能合約量身定制的新穎語言和程式系統。這使得能夠創建更複雜、更有效率的合約，從而增強第 2 層應用程式的功能。也可以將 EVM 升級為功能更豐富的 VM。

The transaction fees associated with Ethereum layer 2 are very low, thanks to the off-chain transaction processing. This makes layer 2 solutions an attractive option for users who are looking to avoid the high gas fees on the Ethereum main chain. Additionally, a L2-focused approach promotes a diverse array of data availability options, including rollups, validiums, and plasma.

由於採用鏈下交易處理，與以太坊第 2 層相關的交易費用非常低。這使得 Layer 2 解決方案對於那些希望避免以太坊主鏈上高額 Gas 費用的用戶來說成為一個有吸引力的選擇。此外，以 L2 為中心的方法促進了多種數據可用性選項，包括匯總、驗證和等離子。

This allows developers to choose the best data availability solution for their specific application. Scalability and speed are the striking attractions of the layer 2-themed approach, which is why premium financial assets, tokens for centrally controlled ecosystems, and games make use of Ethereum layer 2 concepts.

這使得開發人員能夠為其特定應用程式選擇最佳的資料可用性解決方案。可擴展性和速度是第 2 層主題方法的顯著吸引力，這就是為什麼優質金融資產、集中控制生態系統的代幣和遊戲都利用以太坊第 2 層概念。

However, asset passing from L2 to L2 is another security issue, as it can introduce the potential for theft or loss of assets. To address this, L2 can offer a finalized state root, which provides a snapshot of the final state of the L2 at a specific block height.

然而，資產從 L2 傳遞到 L2 是另一個安全問題，因為它可能會帶來資產被盜或遺失的可能性。為了解決這個問題，L2 可以提供最終狀態根，它提供特定區塊高度的 L2 最終狀態的快照。

This root can be used by another L2 to verify the validity of transactions and assets passing from the first L2. Techniques like Circle Stark and Binius are used to generate these state roots.

該根可以被另一個 L2 使用來驗證從第一個 L2 傳遞的交易和資產的有效性。 Circle Stark 和 Binius 等技術用於產生這些狀態根。