第 2 层与执行分片：Vitalik 揭示核心区别

第 2 层和执行分片之间的主要区别在于执行环境的多样性。以太坊 L2 已经成功地扮演了执行环境的角色，当代讨论的焦点是相当于 Layer 2 的 EVM。

Layer 2 solutions and execution sharding are both techniques used to improve the scalability of the Ethereum blockchain. However, there is a key difference between the two approaches.

第 2 层解决方案和执行分片都是用于提高以太坊区块链可扩展性的技术。然而，这两种方法之间有一个关键的区别。

Layer 2 solutions introduce a new layer of computation that is separate from the Ethereum main chain. This allows transactions to be processed off-chain, which can significantly reduce congestion and transaction fees. In contrast, execution sharding splits the Ethereum main chain into multiple smaller shards, each of which is responsible for processing a portion of the transactions.

第 2 层解决方案引入了独立于以太坊主链的新计算层。这使得交易可以在链外进行处理，从而可以显着减少拥堵和交易费用。相比之下，执行分片将以太坊主链分割成多个较小的分片，每个分片负责处理一部分交易。

The different execution environments are a result of the variety of layer 2 solutions that have been developed. The Ethereum L2s serve as execution environments, and discussions typically focus on the EVM equivalent of layer 2.

不同的执行环境是已开发的各种第 2 层解决方案的结果。以太坊 L2 作为执行环境，讨论通常集中在相当于第 2 层的 EVM。

Approaches like Arbitrum Stylus, Aztec, and Fuel showcase different ways of achieving this. Arbitrum Stylus features a second virtual machine backed by WASM, a binary instruction format. This allows for greater efficiency and flexibility in transaction processing. Fuel, on the other hand, uses UTXO-supported architecture, which has clear similarities with the Bitcoin blockchain. The architecture is designed to be optimized for high-throughput transactions.

Arbitrum Stylus、Aztec 和 Fuel 等方法展示了实现这一目标的不同方法。 Arbitrum Stylus 具有由 WASM（一种二进制指令格式）支持的第二个虚拟机。这可以提高交易处理的效率和灵活性。另一方面，Fuel 采用 UTXO 支持的架构，与比特币区块链有明显的相似之处。该架构旨在针对高吞吐量交易进行优化。

The Aztec presents a novel language and programming system specifically tailored for smart contracts. This enables the creation of more complex and efficient contracts, which can enhance the functionality of layer 2 applications. There are also possibilities of upgrading EVM into a more feature-rich VM.

Aztec 提出了一种专为智能合约量身定制的新颖语言和编程系统。这使得能够创建更复杂、更高效的合约，从而增强第 2 层应用程序的功能。还可以将 EVM 升级为功能更丰富的 VM。

The transaction fees associated with Ethereum layer 2 are very low, thanks to the off-chain transaction processing. This makes layer 2 solutions an attractive option for users who are looking to avoid the high gas fees on the Ethereum main chain. Additionally, a L2-focused approach promotes a diverse array of data availability options, including rollups, validiums, and plasma.

由于采用链下交易处理，与以太坊第 2 层相关的交易费用非常低。这使得 Layer 2 解决方案对于那些希望避免以太坊主链上高额 Gas 费用的用户来说成为一个有吸引力的选择。此外，以 L2 为中心的方法促进了多种数据可用性选项，包括汇总、验证和等离子。

This allows developers to choose the best data availability solution for their specific application. Scalability and speed are the striking attractions of the layer 2-themed approach, which is why premium financial assets, tokens for centrally controlled ecosystems, and games make use of Ethereum layer 2 concepts.

这使得开发人员能够为其特定应用程序选择最佳的数据可用性解决方案。可扩展性和速度是第 2 层主题方法的显着吸引力，这就是为什么优质金融资产、集中控制生态系统的代币和游戏都利用以太坊第 2 层概念。

However, asset passing from L2 to L2 is another security issue, as it can introduce the potential for theft or loss of assets. To address this, L2 can offer a finalized state root, which provides a snapshot of the final state of the L2 at a specific block height.

然而，资产从 L2 传递到 L2 是另一个安全问题，因为它可能会带来资产被盗或丢失的可能性。为了解决这个问题，L2 可以提供最终状态根，它提供特定块高度的 L2 最终状态的快照。

This root can be used by another L2 to verify the validity of transactions and assets passing from the first L2. Techniques like Circle Stark and Binius are used to generate these state roots.

该根可以被另一个 L2 使用来验证从第一个 L2 传递的交易和资产的有效性。 Circle Stark 和 Binius 等技术用于生成这些状态根。