以太坊的歷史：從概念到全球計算機

以太坊的歷史始於十多年前，當時它的創造者維塔利克·布特林 (Vitalik Buterin) 是一位瘦長的數學天才，他因比特幣的限製而感到沮喪。

The history of Ethereum begins more than a decade ago as a gleam in the eye of its creator, Vitalik Buterin, a gangly math genius frustrated by the limitations of Bitcoin who believed he could do something better with a blockchain.

以太坊的歷史始於十多年前，當時它的創造者維塔利克·布特林(Vitalik Buterin) 眼中閃爍著一絲光芒。數學天才，他因比特幣的限製而感到沮喪，他相信自己可以利用區塊鏈做得更好。

Instead of cryptocurrency being solely a monetary asset, Buterin envisioned extending blockchain technology to the point where it became a “global computer” — a platform that hosts decentralized applications, powered by smart contracts, with minimal need for human intervention or trust assumptions.

Buterin 設想將區塊鏈技術擴展到成為“全球電腦”，而不是僅僅將加密貨幣視為一種貨幣資產——一個託管去中心化應用程式的平台，由智能合約提供支持，幾乎不需要人為幹預或信任假設。

Fast forward to today, and Ethereum is the second-largest crypto asset in the world, underpinning a trillion-dollar ecosystem of dependent networks. It’s the blockchain of choice for several of the world’s largest asset managers, as well as hundreds of thousands of daily users on the layer 1 and millions on connected L2s.

快進到今天，以太坊是世界上第二大加密資產，支撐著價值數兆美元的依賴網路生態系統。它是全球幾家最大的資產管理公司以及數十萬第一層日常用戶和數百萬連接第二層用戶的首選區塊鏈。

Here are 11 of the most important moments in Ethereum’s history and some of the big upgrades to look forward to.

以下是以太坊歷史上 11 個最重要的時刻以及一些值得期待的重大升級。

The Ethereum white paper — 2013

以太坊白皮書 — 2013

Buterin was first introduced to Bitcoin in his late teens by his father, a Russian-born engineer who immigrated with his family to Canada.

Buterin 在他十幾歲的時候首次接觸比特幣，他的父親是一位出生於俄羅斯的工程師，隨家人移民到了加拿大。

With little in the way of funds to invest in Bitcoin mining or the asset itself, Buterin worked as a crypto blog writer and received payments in BTC during the early 2010s.

由於沒有足夠的資金投資比特幣挖礦或資產本身，Buterin 擔任加密貨幣部落格作家，並在 2010 年代初期收到了 BTC 付款。

Noticing his talent as a leading thinker and author in the field, Romanian Bitcoin enthusiast Mihai Alisie approached him, and the pair launched Bitcoin Magazine in 2012.

羅馬尼亞比特幣愛好者 Mihai Alisie 注意到他作為該領域領先思想家和作家的才華，找到了他，兩人於 2012 年創辦了《比特幣雜誌》。

A year later, in 2013, when he was just 19 years old, Buterin published the Ethereum white paper outlining a “next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform.” The aim was simply to fix Bitcoin’s “too limited functionality” he told Business Insider:

一年後，在 2013 年，年僅 19 歲的 Buterin 發布了以太坊白皮書，概述了「下一代智慧合約和去中心化應用平台」。他告訴《商業內幕》，目的只是為了解決比特幣「功能過於有限」的問題：

“Think of the difference between something like a pocket calculator and a smartphone, where a pocket calculator does one thing and it does one thing well, but really people want to do all these other things. And if you have a smartphone then on the smartphone you have a pocket calculator as an app. You have playing music as an app. You have a web browser as an app and pretty much everything else.”

「想想袖珍計算器和智慧型手機之間的區別，袖珍計算器只能做一件事，而且做得很好，但人們實際上想做所有其他事情。如果您有智慧型手機，那麼在智慧型手機上您就有一個袖珍計算器作為應用程式。您已經將音樂作為應用程式來播放。你有一個網絡瀏覽器作為一個應用程式以及幾乎所有其他東西。

He was later awarded $100,000 by the Peter Thiel Fellowship to begin working on the Ethereum platform.

後來他獲得了 Peter Thiel Fellowship 的 10 萬美元資助，開始在以太坊平台上工作。

The Red Wedding — 2014

紅色婚禮 — 2014

Before Ethereum became what it is today, it suffered through some growing pains and conflict, the first major one being the infamous “Red Wedding” — where the future of the network was thrown into the hands of Buterin.

在以太坊成為今天的樣子之前，它經歷了一些成長的煩惱和衝突，第一個重大的就是臭名昭著的「紅色婚禮」——網路的未來被交到了 Buterin 的手中。

As Camila Russo documented in her book, The Infinite Machine, the team of co-founders had gathered in Zug, Switzerland on June 7, 2014, to sign a document that would transform Ethereum into a for-profit company.

正如卡米拉·魯索(Camila Russo) 在她的《無限機器》一書中所記載的那樣，聯合創始人團隊於2014 年6 月7 日聚集在瑞士楚格，簽署了一份文件，將以太坊轉變為營利公司。

But instead of signing the contract, tensions concerning Charles Hoskinson’s management style, Amir Chetrit’s contributions to the project and Ethereum’s future direction reached a boiling point.

但查爾斯·霍斯金森 (Charles Hoskinson) 的管理風格、阿米爾·切特里特 (Amir Chetrit) 對項目的貢獻以及以太坊未來方向的緊張關係並未簽署，而是達到了沸點。

The call for which way Ethereum should go was left to Buterin, who moved to oust Hoskinson (who went on to create Cardano) and Chetrit and establish Ethereum as a nonprofit foundation instead of a company.

以太坊應該走哪條路的呼籲留給了 Buterin，他驅逐了 Hoskinson（後來創建了 Cardano）和 Chetrit，並將以太坊建立為非營利基金會而不是公司。

“We had differences of opinion, at times, those differences of opinion boiled over famously… infamously,” fellow Ethereum co-founder Joe Lubin told Magazine in 2023.

以太坊聯合創始人 Joe Lubin 在 2023 年告訴雜誌：“我們有時會存在意見分歧，這些意見分歧會引發眾所周知的……臭名昭著的事件。”

ICO and launch — 2014

ICO 與啟動 — 2014 年

The next major step for Ethereum was raising capital and sparking widespread public awareness during its initial coin offering in 2014, selling millions of dollars worth of ETH to fund the development of the project.

以太坊的下一個重要步驟是在 2014 年首次代幣發行期間籌集資金並激發廣泛的公眾意識，出售價值數百萬美元的 ETH 來資助該項目的開發。

Between July 22 and Sept. 2, 2014, the ICO saw investors snap up more than $18 million worth of ETH, which they paid for with BTC.

2014 年 7 月 22 日至 9 月 2 日期間，投資者在 ICO 中搶購了價值超過 1800 萬美元的 ETH，並用 BTC 進行了支付。

The Ethereum blockchain and its native token, ETH, were officially launched on July 30, 2015.

以太坊區塊鏈及其原生代幣 ETH 於 2015 年 7 月 30 日正式推出。

ETH hit the market with a value of $0.31 per ETH token, marking an impressive 1,057,000% return for anyone lucky enough to hold their ETH until today’s price of $3,275.

ETH 上市時每枚 ETH 代幣的價值為 0.31 美元，對於任何有幸持有 ETH 直到今天價格 3,275 美元的人來說，這意味著令人印象深刻的 1,057,000% 回報。

Nobody knows for sure, of course, but Ethereum and Consensys co-founder Joe Lubin is rumored to have invested more in the ICO than anyone else.

當然，沒有人確切知道，但據傳以太坊和 Consensys 聯合創始人 Joe Lubin 在 ICO 上的投資比其他任何人都多。

The DAO hack and Ethereum Classic — 2016

DAO 駭客攻擊與以太坊經典 — 2016

Arguably the most formative event in Ethereum’s history was the now-infamous hack of The DAO, an exploit where hackers stole more than 3.6 million ETH from the early, idealistic The Decentralized Autonomous Organization.

可以說，以太坊歷史上最具影響力的事件是現在臭名昭著的 The DAO 駭客事件，駭客從早期理想主義的去中心化自治組織中竊取了超過 360 萬枚 ETH。

The attack sent shockwaves through the market, sending the price of ETH plummeting from $20 to $9 in less than 36 hours.

這次攻擊給市場帶來了衝擊，導致 ETH 的價格在不到 36 小時內從 20 美元暴跌至 9 美元。

Divided on how to proceed in the wake of the attack, the

對於襲擊發生後如何處理存在分歧