以太坊的历史：从理念到全球计算机

以太坊的历史始于十多年前，当时它的创造者维塔利克·布特林 (Vitalik Buterin) 是一位瘦长的数学天才，他因比特币的局限性而感到沮丧。

The history of Ethereum begins more than a decade ago as a gleam in the eye of its creator, Vitalik Buterin, a gangly math genius frustrated by the limitations of Bitcoin who believed he could do something better with a blockchain.

以太坊的历史始于十多年前，当时它的创造者维塔利克·布特林 (Vitalik Buterin) 眼中闪烁着一丝光芒。维塔利克·布特林 (Vitalik Buterin) 是一位身材瘦长的数学天才，他因比特币的局限性而感到沮丧，他相信自己可以利用区块链做得更好。

Instead of cryptocurrency being solely a monetary asset, Buterin envisioned extending blockchain technology to the point where it became a “global computer” — a platform that hosts decentralized applications, powered by smart contracts, with minimal need for human intervention or trust assumptions.

Buterin 设想将区块链技术扩展到成为“全球计算机”，而不是仅仅将加密货币视为一种货币资产——一个托管去中心化应用程序的平台，由智能合约提供支持，几乎不需要人为干预或信任假设。

Fast forward to today, and Ethereum is the second-largest crypto asset in the world, underpinning a trillion-dollar ecosystem of dependent networks. It’s the blockchain of choice for several of the world’s largest asset managers, as well as hundreds of thousands of daily users on the layer 1 and millions on connected L2s.

快进到今天，以太坊是世界上第二大加密资产，支撑着价值数万亿美元的依赖网络生态系统。它是全球几家最大的资产管理公司以及数十万第一层日常用户和数百万连接第二层用户的首选区块链。

Here are 11 of the most important moments in Ethereum’s history and some of the big upgrades to look forward to.

以下是以太坊历史上 11 个最重要的时刻以及一些值得期待的重大升级。

The Ethereum white paper — 2013

以太坊白皮书 — 2013

Buterin was first introduced to Bitcoin in his late teens by his father, a Russian-born engineer who immigrated with his family to Canada.

Buterin 在他十几岁的时候首次接触比特币，他的父亲是一位出生于俄罗斯的工程师，随家人移民到了加拿大。

With little in the way of funds to invest in Bitcoin mining or the asset itself, Buterin worked as a crypto blog writer and received payments in BTC during the early 2010s.

由于没有足够的资金投资比特币挖矿或资产本身，Buterin 担任加密货币博客作家，并在 2010 年代初期收到了 BTC 付款。

Noticing his talent as a leading thinker and author in the field, Romanian Bitcoin enthusiast Mihai Alisie approached him, and the pair launched Bitcoin Magazine in 2012.

罗马尼亚比特币爱好者 Mihai Alisie 注意到他作为该领域领先思想家和作家的才华，找到了他，两人于 2012 年创办了《比特币杂志》。

A year later, in 2013, when he was just 19 years old, Buterin published the Ethereum white paper outlining a “next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform.” The aim was simply to fix Bitcoin’s “too limited functionality” he told Business Insider:

一年后，即 2013 年，年仅 19 岁的 Buterin 发布了以太坊白皮书，概述了“下一代智能合约和去中心化应用平台”。他告诉《商业内幕》，其目的只是为了解决比特币“功能过于有限”的问题：

“Think of the difference between something like a pocket calculator and a smartphone, where a pocket calculator does one thing and it does one thing well, but really people want to do all these other things. And if you have a smartphone then on the smartphone you have a pocket calculator as an app. You have playing music as an app. You have a web browser as an app and pretty much everything else.”

“想想袖珍计算器和智能手机之间的区别，袖珍计算器只能做一件事，而且做得很好，但人们实际上想做所有其他事情。如果您有智能手机，那么在智能手机上您就有一个袖珍计算器作为应用程序。您已经将音乐作为应用程序来播放。你有一个网络浏览器作为一个应用程序以及几乎所有其他东西。”

He was later awarded $100,000 by the Peter Thiel Fellowship to begin working on the Ethereum platform.

后来他获得了 Peter Thiel Fellowship 的 10 万美元资助，开始在以太坊平台上工作。

The Red Wedding — 2014

红色婚礼 — 2014

Before Ethereum became what it is today, it suffered through some growing pains and conflict, the first major one being the infamous “Red Wedding” — where the future of the network was thrown into the hands of Buterin.

在以太坊成为今天的样子之前，它经历了一些成长的烦恼和冲突，第一个重大的就是臭名昭著的“红色婚礼”——网络的未来被交到了 Buterin 的手中。

As Camila Russo documented in her book, The Infinite Machine, the team of co-founders had gathered in Zug, Switzerland on June 7, 2014, to sign a document that would transform Ethereum into a for-profit company.

正如卡米拉·鲁索 (Camila Russo) 在她的《无限机器》一书中所记载的那样，联合创始人团队于 2014 年 6 月 7 日聚集在瑞士楚格，签署了一份文件，将以太坊转变为一家营利性公司。

But instead of signing the contract, tensions concerning Charles Hoskinson’s management style, Amir Chetrit’s contributions to the project and Ethereum’s future direction reached a boiling point.

但查尔斯·霍斯金森 (Charles Hoskinson) 的管理风格、阿米尔·切特里特 (Amir Chetrit) 对项目的贡献以及以太坊未来方向的紧张关系并未签署，而是达到了沸点。

The call for which way Ethereum should go was left to Buterin, who moved to oust Hoskinson (who went on to create Cardano) and Chetrit and establish Ethereum as a nonprofit foundation instead of a company.

以太坊应该走哪条路的呼吁留给了 Buterin，他驱逐了 Hoskinson（后来创建了 Cardano）和 Chetrit，并将以太坊建立为非营利基金会而不是公司。

“We had differences of opinion, at times, those differences of opinion boiled over famously… infamously,” fellow Ethereum co-founder Joe Lubin told Magazine in 2023.

以太坊联合创始人 Joe Lubin 在 2023 年告诉杂志：“我们有时会存在意见分歧，这些意见分歧会引发众所周知的……臭名昭著的事件。”

ICO and launch — 2014

ICO 和启动 — 2014 年

The next major step for Ethereum was raising capital and sparking widespread public awareness during its initial coin offering in 2014, selling millions of dollars worth of ETH to fund the development of the project.

以太坊的下一个重要步骤是在 2014 年首次代币发行期间筹集资金并激发广泛的公众意识，出售价值数百万美元的 ETH 来资助该项目的开发。

Between July 22 and Sept. 2, 2014, the ICO saw investors snap up more than $18 million worth of ETH, which they paid for with BTC.

2014 年 7 月 22 日至 9 月 2 日期间，投资者在 ICO 中抢购了价值超过 1800 万美元的 ETH，并用 BTC 进行了支付。

The Ethereum blockchain and its native token, ETH, were officially launched on July 30, 2015.

以太坊区块链及其原生代币 ETH 于 2015 年 7 月 30 日正式推出。

ETH hit the market with a value of $0.31 per ETH token, marking an impressive 1,057,000% return for anyone lucky enough to hold their ETH until today’s price of $3,275.

ETH 上市时每枚 ETH 代币的价值为 0.31 美元，对于任何有幸持有 ETH 直到今天价格 3,275 美元的人来说，这意味着令人印象深刻的 1,057,000% 回报。

Nobody knows for sure, of course, but Ethereum and Consensys co-founder Joe Lubin is rumored to have invested more in the ICO than anyone else.

当然，没有人确切知道，但据传以太坊和 Consensys 联合创始人 Joe Lubin 在 ICO 上的投资比其他任何人都多。

The DAO hack and Ethereum Classic — 2016

DAO 黑客攻击和以太坊经典 — 2016

Arguably the most formative event in Ethereum’s history was the now-infamous hack of The DAO, an exploit where hackers stole more than 3.6 million ETH from the early, idealistic The Decentralized Autonomous Organization.

可以说，以太坊历史上最具影响力的事件是现在臭名昭著的 The DAO 黑客事件，黑客从早期理想主义的去中心化自治组织中窃取了超过 360 万枚 ETH。

The attack sent shockwaves through the market, sending the price of ETH plummeting from $20 to $9 in less than 36 hours.

这次攻击给市场带来了冲击，导致 ETH 的价格在不到 36 小时内从 20 美元暴跌至 9 美元。

Divided on how to proceed in the wake of the attack, the

对于袭击发生后如何处理存在分歧