美國在外國衝突中的重建工作

美國外交政策與不穩定的外國國家接觸，以應對共同的全球挑戰。脆弱的政府需要支持

American foreign policy frequently intervenes in unstable foreign nations to address shared global challenges such as terrorism, narcotics trafficking, and economic crises. When governments in these nations collapse or are overthrown by violent movements, the U.S. provides support to prevent threats to international peace, economic development, and political stability. A key tool in the U.S. arsenal is foreign assistance, defined by the Department of State as "programs designed to address fragility, respond to and mitigate conflicts and crises, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms." This assistance includes financial aid, technical expertise, and resources channeled through U.S. agencies like USAID and the State Department.

美國外交政策經常乾預不穩定的外國國家，以應對恐怖主義，麻醉品販運和經濟危機等共同的全球挑戰。當這些國家的政府崩潰或被暴力運動推翻時，美國提供了支持，以防止威脅國際和平，經濟發展和政治穩定。美國阿森納的一個關鍵工具是外國援助，由國務院定義為“旨在解決脆弱性，應對和減輕衝突和危機，促進和保護人權和基本自由的計劃”。這種援助包括經濟援助，技術專長和通過美國國際開發署和國務院等美國機構進行的資源。

However, despite its good intentions, American reconstruction efforts in foreign conflicts have faced criticism and been the subject of debate. The U.S. model is unique in its emphasis on legitimacy among the local population, a goal that some scholars argue is unattainable given the flawed assumptions underpinning the American approach. This write-up will delve deeper into this criticism, examining the key arguments against the U.S. model of reconstruction and suggesting alternative perspectives that might be more fruitful in achieving lasting stability.

但是，儘管有良好的意圖，但美國在外國衝突中的重建努力仍面臨批評，並成為辯論的主題。美國模式在強調當地人口的合法性方面是獨一無二的，一些學者認為這一目標是無法實現的，鑑於有缺陷的假設是美國方法的基礎。這篇文章將深入研究這種批評，研究反對美國重建模式的關鍵論點，並提出替代觀點，這些觀點可能在實現持久的穩定性方面可能更富有成果。

To fully appreciate the criticisms, it’s useful to clarify some key terms and definitions, keeping in mind that these are based on U.S. operational doctrines and may differ from other global perspectives. Merriam-Webster defines insurgency as "a condition of unrest less than open or avowed rebellion, expressed in a broad and usually unserious threat to authority a feeling of uneasiness or discontent a ferment of opinion." This term, often contrasted with civil war, serves to delegitimize opposition groups and justify government force. Insurgencies succeed or fail based on several factors: external sanctuaries, the strength and capabilities of security forces, and the identity and political leanings of the population. In the words of the Study of Internal Conflict, "the domain of government legitimacy is defined by the acceptance of the rule of law and the quality of governance."

為了充分欣賞批評，闡明一些關鍵術語和定義是有用的，請記住，這些術語和定義是基於美國的運作學說，並且可能與其他全球角度有所不同。梅里亞姆·韋布斯特（Merriam-Webster）將叛亂定義為“動蕩的條件少於開放或宣告的叛亂，在廣泛但通常對權威的威脅中表達了一種不安或不滿意的意見。”這個術語通常與內戰形成鮮明對比，是為了使反對派團體合法化並為政府部隊辯護。叛亂取決於幾個因素：外部庇護所，安全部隊的力量和能力以及人口的身份和政治傾向。用內部衝突研究的話說，“政府合法性的領域是通過接受法治和治理質量來定義的。”

The U.S. government views foreign assistance as a critical component of its broader foreign policy objectives. In the words of the Department of State, it aims to "address fragility, respond to and mitigate conflicts and crises, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms." In the context of counterinsurgency (COIN) operations, foreign aid is part of a broader strategy that blends military and civilian efforts to contain insurgencies and address their root causes. A core tenet of U.S. COIN doctrine is a population-centric approach, sometimes called "winning hearts and minds." This approach assumes that by improving the economic well-being and quality of life of the local population, and focusing on civic projects and infrastructure development, insurgent influence can be diminished while government legitimacy is enhanced.

美國政府認為外國援助是其更廣泛的外交政策目標的關鍵組成部分。用國務院的話來說，它旨在“解決脆弱，應對和減輕衝突和危機，促進和保護人權和基本自由”。在平叛行動（硬幣）的背景下，外國援助是一項更廣泛的戰略的一部分，該戰略融合了軍事和平民努力遏制叛亂和解決其根本原因。我們硬幣學說的核心宗旨是以人口為中心的方法，有時被稱為“勝利的心靈”。這種方法假設，通過改善當地人口的經濟福祉和生活質量，並專注於公民項目和基礎設施發展，叛亂的影響力可以減少，而政府合法性則增強。

While the U.S. has intervened in foreign conflicts throughout its history, structuring its efforts as counterinsurgency operations is a relatively recent phenomenon. Some scholars trace the origins of U.S. counterinsurgency strategies to the Indian Wars (17th-19th centuries), but these campaigns were more characterized by brutality and punishment than the structured approach of modern COIN operations. A more widely accepted historical precedent is the American Civil War, where the Union countered Confederate guerrilla tactics with a variety of strategies. In the Northern theater, Union armies focused on conventional warfare, aiming for decisive battles to crush the Confederacy's main forces. However, in the Southern theater, where Confederate guerrillas were active, Union commanders employed different tactics.

儘管美國在整個歷史上都介入了外國衝突，但將其作為平叛行動的努力構成相對較新的現象。一些學者將我們的平叛戰略的起源追溯到印度戰爭（17-19世紀），但是這些運動比現代硬幣行動的結構化方法更為殘酷和懲罰。美國內戰是一個更廣泛接受的歷史先例，聯盟以各種策略反對同盟國游擊戰術。在北部劇院，聯盟軍隊專注於傳統的戰爭，旨在進行果斷的戰鬥以壓倒同盟的主要力量。但是，在南部劇院，同盟國游擊隊活躍的地方，工會指揮官採用了不同的戰術。

After the war, President Lincoln's administration implemented a program of civic outreach and economic assistance in the South, part of a broader strategy to win over the local population and facilitate a smooth transition back to federal rule. This effort involved distributing food and clothing, organizing employment bureaus, and providing technical assistance for rebuilding infrastructure and industry. The Union's goal was to demonstrate the benefits of government rule and highlight the destructiveness of the insurgency.

戰爭結束後，林肯總統政府在南部實施了一項公民宣傳和經濟援助計劃，這是一項更廣泛的戰略，旨在贏得當地人口，並促進平穩過渡到聯邦統治。這項工作涉及分發食品和衣服，組織就業局，並為重建基礎設施和工業提供技術援助。工會的目標是證明政府統治的好處，並強調叛亂的破壞性。

At the turn of the 20th century, the U.S. military began developing its counterinsurgency doctrine in earnest during the Philippine-American War. Faced with a tenacious insurgency following the Spanish-American War, U.S. forces were forced to adapt their tactics. In addition to engaging in combat operations, American troops undertook civic actions, such as building schools and hospitals, organizing medical outreach programs, and participating in community events. These actions were part of a broader strategy to win over the Filipino people and isolate the insurgents.

在20世紀初，在菲律賓裔美國戰爭期間，美國軍方開始認真發展其平叛學說。在西班牙裔美國人戰爭之後，面對頑強的叛亂，美國軍隊被迫適應他們的戰術。除了從事戰鬥行動外，美軍還採取了公民行動，例如建造學校和醫院，組織醫療外展計劃並參加社區活動。這些行動是贏得菲律賓人民並隔離叛亂分子的更廣泛戰略的一部分。

The experiences in the Philippines influenced later U.S. interventions in Haiti and Central America, eventually shaping the Marine Corps' Small Wars Manual, a key document in the development of U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine. The manual, first published in 1940 and updated several times, provided practical advice for operating in irregular warfare and interacting with local populations. It emphasized the importance of understanding the culture and customs of the people, using minimal force, and engaging in civic actions to gain the support of the natives.

菲律賓的經歷影響了美國後來在海地和中美洲的干預措施，最終塑造了海軍陸戰隊的小戰爭手冊，這是美國平叛教義發展的關鍵文件。該手冊於1940年首次出版並進行了多次更新，為在不規則的戰爭中運作並與當地人口互動提供了實用的建議。它強調了使用最小的力量理解人民的文化和習俗的重要性，並從事公民行動以獲得當地人的支持。

During the Cold War, counterinsurgency assumed even greater strategic importance for the U.S.

在冷戰期間，平叛者對美國的戰略重要性甚至更大