美国在外国冲突中的重建工作

美国外交政策与不稳定的外国国家接触，以应对共同的全球挑战。脆弱的政府需要支持

American foreign policy frequently intervenes in unstable foreign nations to address shared global challenges such as terrorism, narcotics trafficking, and economic crises. When governments in these nations collapse or are overthrown by violent movements, the U.S. provides support to prevent threats to international peace, economic development, and political stability. A key tool in the U.S. arsenal is foreign assistance, defined by the Department of State as "programs designed to address fragility, respond to and mitigate conflicts and crises, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms." This assistance includes financial aid, technical expertise, and resources channeled through U.S. agencies like USAID and the State Department.

美国外交政策经常干预不稳定的外国国家，以应对恐怖主义，麻醉品贩运和经济危机等共同的全球挑战。当这些国家的政府崩溃或被暴力运动推翻时，美国提供了支持，以防止威胁国际和平，经济发展和政治稳定。美国阿森纳的一个关键工具是外国援助，由国务院定义为“旨在解决脆弱性，应对和减轻冲突和危机，促进和保护人权和基本自由的计划”。这种援助包括经济援助，技术专长和通过美国国际开发署和国务院等美国机构进行的资源。

However, despite its good intentions, American reconstruction efforts in foreign conflicts have faced criticism and been the subject of debate. The U.S. model is unique in its emphasis on legitimacy among the local population, a goal that some scholars argue is unattainable given the flawed assumptions underpinning the American approach. This write-up will delve deeper into this criticism, examining the key arguments against the U.S. model of reconstruction and suggesting alternative perspectives that might be more fruitful in achieving lasting stability.

但是，尽管有良好的意图，但美国在外国冲突中的重建努力仍面临批评，并成为辩论的主题。美国模式在强调当地人口的合法性方面是独一无二的，一些学者认为这一目标是无法实现的，鉴于有缺陷的假设是美国方法的基础。这篇文章将深入研究这种批评，研究反对美国重建模式的关键论点，并提出替代观点，这些观点可能在实现持久的稳定性方面可能更富有成果。

To fully appreciate the criticisms, it’s useful to clarify some key terms and definitions, keeping in mind that these are based on U.S. operational doctrines and may differ from other global perspectives. Merriam-Webster defines insurgency as "a condition of unrest less than open or avowed rebellion, expressed in a broad and usually unserious threat to authority a feeling of uneasiness or discontent a ferment of opinion." This term, often contrasted with civil war, serves to delegitimize opposition groups and justify government force. Insurgencies succeed or fail based on several factors: external sanctuaries, the strength and capabilities of security forces, and the identity and political leanings of the population. In the words of the Study of Internal Conflict, "the domain of government legitimacy is defined by the acceptance of the rule of law and the quality of governance."

为了充分欣赏批评，阐明一些关键术语和定义是有用的，请记住，这些术语和定义是基于美国的运作学说，并且可能与其他全球角度有所不同。梅里亚姆·韦布斯特（Merriam-Webster）将叛乱定义为“动荡的条件少于开放或宣告的叛乱，在广泛但通常对权威的威胁中表达了一种不安或不满意的感觉”。这个术语通常与内战形成鲜明对比，是为了使反对派团体合法化并为政府部队辩护。叛乱取决于几个因素：外部庇护所，安全部队的力量和能力以及人口的身份和政治倾向。用内部冲突研究的话说，“政府合法性的领域是通过接受法治和治理质量来定义的。”

The U.S. government views foreign assistance as a critical component of its broader foreign policy objectives. In the words of the Department of State, it aims to "address fragility, respond to and mitigate conflicts and crises, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms." In the context of counterinsurgency (COIN) operations, foreign aid is part of a broader strategy that blends military and civilian efforts to contain insurgencies and address their root causes. A core tenet of U.S. COIN doctrine is a population-centric approach, sometimes called "winning hearts and minds." This approach assumes that by improving the economic well-being and quality of life of the local population, and focusing on civic projects and infrastructure development, insurgent influence can be diminished while government legitimacy is enhanced.

美国政府认为外国援助是其更广泛的外交政策目标的关键组成部分。用国务院的话来说，它旨在“解决脆弱，应对和减轻冲突和危机，促进和保护人权和基本自由”。在平叛行动（硬币）的背景下，外国援助是一项更广泛的战略的一部分，该战略融合了军事和平民努力遏制叛乱和解决其根本原因。我们硬币学说的核心宗旨是以人口为中心的方法，有时被称为“胜利的心灵”。这种方法假设，通过改善当地人口的经济福祉和生活质量，并专注于公民项目和基础设施发展，叛乱的影响力可以减少，而政府合法性则增强。

While the U.S. has intervened in foreign conflicts throughout its history, structuring its efforts as counterinsurgency operations is a relatively recent phenomenon. Some scholars trace the origins of U.S. counterinsurgency strategies to the Indian Wars (17th-19th centuries), but these campaigns were more characterized by brutality and punishment than the structured approach of modern COIN operations. A more widely accepted historical precedent is the American Civil War, where the Union countered Confederate guerrilla tactics with a variety of strategies. In the Northern theater, Union armies focused on conventional warfare, aiming for decisive battles to crush the Confederacy's main forces. However, in the Southern theater, where Confederate guerrillas were active, Union commanders employed different tactics.

尽管美国在整个历史上都介入了外国冲突，但将其作为平叛行动的努力构成相对较新的现象。一些学者将我们的平叛战略的起源追溯到印度战争（17-19世纪），但是这些运动比现代硬币行动的结构化方法更为残酷和惩罚。美国内战是一个更广泛接受的历史先例，联盟以各种策略反对同盟国游击战术。在北部剧院，联盟军队专注于传统的战争，旨在进行果断的战斗以压倒同盟的主要力量。但是，在南部剧院，同盟国游击队活跃的地方，工会指挥官采用了不同的战术。

After the war, President Lincoln's administration implemented a program of civic outreach and economic assistance in the South, part of a broader strategy to win over the local population and facilitate a smooth transition back to federal rule. This effort involved distributing food and clothing, organizing employment bureaus, and providing technical assistance for rebuilding infrastructure and industry. The Union's goal was to demonstrate the benefits of government rule and highlight the destructiveness of the insurgency.

战争结束后，林肯总统政府在南部实施了一项公民宣传和经济援助计划，这是一项更广泛的战略，旨在赢得当地人口，并促进平稳过渡到联邦统治。这项工作涉及分发食物和衣服，组织就业局，并为重建基础设施和工业提供技术援助。工会的目标是证明政府统治的好处，并强调叛乱的破坏性。

At the turn of the 20th century, the U.S. military began developing its counterinsurgency doctrine in earnest during the Philippine-American War. Faced with a tenacious insurgency following the Spanish-American War, U.S. forces were forced to adapt their tactics. In addition to engaging in combat operations, American troops undertook civic actions, such as building schools and hospitals, organizing medical outreach programs, and participating in community events. These actions were part of a broader strategy to win over the Filipino people and isolate the insurgents.

在20世纪初，在菲律宾裔美国战争期间，美国军方开始认真发展其平叛学说。在西班牙裔美国人战争之后，面对顽强的叛乱，美国军队被迫适应他们的战术。除了从事战斗行动外，美军还采取了公民行动，例如建造学校和医院，组织医疗外展计划并参加社区活动。这些行动是赢得菲律宾人民并隔离叛乱分子的更广泛战略的一部分。

The experiences in the Philippines influenced later U.S. interventions in Haiti and Central America, eventually shaping the Marine Corps' Small Wars Manual, a key document in the development of U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine. The manual, first published in 1940 and updated several times, provided practical advice for operating in irregular warfare and interacting with local populations. It emphasized the importance of understanding the culture and customs of the people, using minimal force, and engaging in civic actions to gain the support of the natives.

菲律宾的经历影响了美国后来在海地和中美洲的干预措施，最终塑造了海军陆战队的小战争手册，这是美国平叛教义发展的关键文件。该手册于1940年首次出版并进行了多次更新，为在不规则的战争中运作并与当地人口互动提供了实用的建议。它强调了使用最小的力量理解人民的文化和习俗的重要性，并从事公民行动以获得当地人的支持。

During the Cold War, counterinsurgency assumed even greater strategic importance for the U.S.

在冷战期间，平叛者对美国的战略重要性甚至更大