Nigeria’s Crypto Regulation Journey: Progress and Persisting Errors

If Nigeria is to align its crypto regulations with global standards and achieve the continental leadership it aspires to under the Tinubu administration

The Federal Government of Nigeria recently filed a lawsuit against a group of crypto traders for engaging in unlicensed trading operations. This move, though unsurprising given the government’s historically tense relationship with cryptocurrencies, raises critical questions about the coherence of regulatory efforts. The link between USDT, a popular stablecoin, and the formal exchange rate between the US dollar and the naira has long been a subject of contention, driving much of the government’s caution.

The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) charged the traders with carrying on “the specialized business of another financial institution without a valid license” and “not being an authorized dealer in the Nigeria Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market, [they] negotiated United States Dollar Tether (USDT) against Naira with the public.”

While USDT is pegged to the US dollar and is designed to mirror its value, it is fundamentally different from the USD. USDT is a digital token issued by the Tether Foundation and backed by a reserve of USD-denominated assets, including US treasuries, corporate bonds, precious metals and even other cryptocurrencies. However, the stability of USDT is based entirely on trust in the Tether Foundation’s ability to maintain this reserve.

The government’s heavy-handed approach to cryptocurrency regulation has been criticized by stakeholders, who argue that it stifles innovation and drives activity underground, making it harder to regulate. A regulatory framework that clearly defines the interaction between regulators and the industry was sorely needed.

There were high hopes that the new administration would usher in a more pragmatic approach, and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) under Olayemi Cardoso took a promising first step. In December 2023, the CBN issued guidelines recognising virtual asset service providers (VASPs) as financial institutions under the Money Laundering (Prevention and Prohibition) Act 2022 and acknowledged the SEC’s authority to regulate them.

This shift allowed banks and financial institutions to engage with VASPs, provided the latter complied with SEC licensing requirements. This development was seen as a breath of fresh air, marking a significant step forward in the country’s crypto regulation journey. Under Dr Emomotimi Agama’s leadership, the SEC moved to provisionally license two local VASPs, signaling progress toward formalising the crypto landscape.

Despite all of the positive movements above, there are still some fundamental errors that expose a lack of robust understanding of the asset class, or a lack of coherence in or cooperation between regulatory and enforcement authorities on the subject. In the recent lawsuit by the EFCC filed against some traders of USDT, the charge sheet had the language below:

“That you, …  and …, between January 2021 and December 2021, in Abuja, within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court, carried on the specialized business of another financial institution without a valid license, and thereby committed an offense contrary to Section 57(1) and (2) of the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act, 2020, and punishable under Section 57(5) of the same Act. That you… not being an authorized dealer in the Nigeria Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market, negotiated United States Dollar Tether (USDT) against Naira with the public, and thereby committed an offense contrary to and punishable under Section 29(1)(c) of the Foreign Exchange (Monitoring and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act.”

This section of the charge sheet seems to suggest that the authorities conflated USDT with the US dollar, despite the clear distinction between the two assets. This error could have significant implications for the case and highlights the need for greater technical understanding among those involved in regulating and enforcing cryptocurrency laws.