Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano：比较2025年的前5个区块链

本文比较了Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano并排探索其建筑，交易速度，共识，街区和生态系统。

Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche, Solana, and Cardano are some of the most promising blockchains in 2025, demonstrating each blockchain’s hundred paths to a solution to the blockchain trilemma, namely scalability, security, and decentralization. This article compares them side by side and explores their architecture, transaction speed, consensus, block times, and ecosystem.

Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano是2025年最有前途的区块链中的一些，这证明了每个区块链的一百个途径，通往区域性三元素的解决方案，即可扩展性，安全性和分散性。本文将它们并排比较，并探讨了他们的体系结构，交易速度，共识，块时间和生态系统。

Here is a quick at-a-glance comparison:

这是一个快速的AT-A-Glance比较：

Different blockchains excel in different categories:

不同类别中不同的区块链脱颖而出：

Diving into the full comparison below to see which blockchain wins in each category in 2025!

深入研究以下完整的比较，以查看2025年每个类别中哪些区块链获胜！

1. Blockchain Structure: Monolithic vs Multi-Chain – Who Does It Best?

1。区块链结构：单片与多链 - 谁做得最好？

When it comes to modern blockchain construction, the ways in which they are built under the hood is arguably their biggest differentiation. Some blockchains embrace simplicity through what is called a monolithic approach, which means a single chain does all of the heavy lifting. Other blockchains choose a multi-chain or modular approach, which in turn means many chains working in unison, each one used for different roles.

在现代区块链结构方面，它们在引擎盖下建造的方式可以说是它们最大的差异化。一些区块链通过所谓的单片方法来拥抱简单性，这意味着单个链条可以完成所有繁重的举动。其他区块链选择一种多链或模块化方法，这反过来意味着许多链条一致工作，每个链条都用于不同的角色。

In this section, we will describe the architecture of Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche, Solana and Cardano – illustrating their unique approaches to multi-chain technologies and how each relates to scalability, performance and flexibility.

在本节中，我们将描述Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano的体系结构 - 说明了他们对多链技术的独特方法，以及每种方法如何与可扩展性，性能和灵活性相关。

Architecture Comparison Table

架构比较表

Polkadot the Multichain Powerhouse

多小型强国Polkadot

Polkadot is designed to embody a polylithic blockchain architecture. This means it has a Relay Chain enabling multiple parallel processing parachains.

Polkadot旨在体现一种多岩石链结构。这意味着它具有一个继电器链，可实现多个并行处理的降落伞。

Each parachain is its own blockchain, however all parachains plug into Polkadot’s Relay Chain which manages security and finality, hence by distributing the work across many parachains, each of which can have parallel processing, Polkadot can theoretically handle millions of transactions per second.

每个Parachain都是其自己的区块链，但是所有的Parachinain都插入了Polkadot的继电器链中，该链可管理安全性和最终性，因此通过在许多降落伞上分发工作，每种降落伞都可以进行并行处理，Polkadot理论上可以处理每秒数百万的交易。

Polkadot 2.0 is also introducing Elastic Coretime which is an optional term for developers to hire a flexible amount of space on the network – important for on-demand scaling.

Polkadot 2.0还引入了弹性Coretime，这是开发人员在网络上雇用灵活数量的空间的可选术语 - 对于按需扩展很重要。

👉 Learn more about the architecture of Polkadot 2.0.

👉了解有关Polkadot 2.0架构的更多信息。

Cosmos: the Internet of Blockchains

宇宙：区块链互联网

Cosmos employs a similar multi-chain approach but instead of a single Relay Chain, Cosmos features a Cosmos Hub enabling many independent zones (blockchains) to operate through the IBC Protocol (Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol).

Cosmos采用了类似的多链方法，但宇宙不是单个继电器链，而是具有宇宙集线器，使许多独立的区域（区块链）可以通过IBC协议（Interlockchain Communication Comentast）运行。

Zones operate in complete sovereignty, with their own validators, rules, and governance, while simultaneously allowing for token and data transfers anywhere in the ecosystem.

区域以其自己的验证者，规则和治理方式完整地进行主权运作，同时允许生态系统中任何地方的令牌和数据传输。

👉 Explore the Cosmos Ecosystem.

👉探索宇宙生态系统。

Avalanche: Subnets for Customization

雪崩：自定义子网

Avalanche has adopted a multi-chain model as well; where they allow subnets.

雪崩也采用了多链模型。他们允许子网。

By default, Avalanche contains three chains (X-Chain handles assets, C-Chain handles EVM smart contracts, and P-Chain handles metadata), but they also allow for the launching of custom subnets by anyone on the EVM and Avalanche protocols.

默认情况下，雪崩包含三个链条（X链处理资产，C链处理EVM智能合约和P链处理元数据），但它们还允许EVM和Avalanche协议上的任何人启动自定义子网。

Subnets are flexible; they can be public, private, or even regulatory-compliant and enable any and all of the capabilities of the Avalanche consensus (called Snowman); which fast tracks improvement for developers and organizations working in the Avalanche ecosystem.

子网很灵活；他们可以是公共，私人甚至符合法规的公共，并启用雪崩共识的任何和所有能力（称为雪人）；这快速跟踪了在雪崩生态系统中工作的开发人员和组织的改进。

👉 More about Avalanche subnets.

👉有关雪崩子网的更多信息。

Solana: The High Speed Monolithic Beast

Solana：高速整体野兽

Solana does it a little differently. Instead of a multichain or subnets, Solana is pure monolithic.

Solana的做法有所不同。 Solana是纯整体的，而不是多键或子网。

In fact, everything in Solana is done on a single chain, but due to Solana’s way of implementing Proof of History (PoH) and then Tower BFT as a design, Solana can do parallel-processing within one chain.

实际上，Solana中的所有内容都是在单个链上完成的，但是由于Solana实施历史证明（POH），然后塔BFT作为设计，Solana可以在一个链中进行并行处理。

This simplicity is one reason Solana is so incredibly fast and cheap, but that also means the network is forced to use the same chain for everyone’s activity, causing congestion during peak use times.

这种简单性是Solana如此快速且便宜的原因之一，但这也意味着该网络被迫将相同的链用于每个人的活动，从而在高峰时段使用时引起拥挤。

👉 See how Solana works.

👉看看Solana的工作原理。

Cardano: Secure and Monolithic by Design

Cardano：设计的安全和整体

Cardano is also a monolithic blockchain architecture, however it is focused heavily on security, formal methods and sustainability.

Cardano也是一个整体的区块链体系结构，但是它主要集中在安全，正式方法和可持续性上。

Unlike others discussed, Cardano builds on 2 separate layers (Settlement Layer and Computation Layer) both of which operate on 1 chain.

与其他讨论的其他人不同，Cardano在两个单独的层（结构层和计算层）上构建，这两个层都在1个链子上运行。

Cardano does not utilize built-in sharding or parachains, however Cardano is also working on developing Layer 2 solutions like Hydra for off-chain scaling with a clean main chain.

Cardano不利用内置的碎片或降落伞，但是Cardano还致力于使用干净的主链链接诸如Hydra这样的第2层解决方案，以进行链缩放。

👉 Cardano’s official documentation.

👉Cardano的官方文件。

Ranking: Top blockchain architectures for flexibility / scalability

排名：灵活性 /可伸缩性的顶级区块链体系结构

2. Transaction Throughput (TPS): Which Blockchain Is the Fastest?

2。事务吞吐量（TPS）：哪个区块链最快？

When discussing blockchain performance, transaction throughput (TPS) is easily one of the most discussed metrics. TPS is important because it reflects how many transactions a blockchain can execute per second, and that is important for user experience, DeFi, gaming, and any real world application that requires high speed settlements.

在讨论区块链性能时，交易吞吐量（TPS）很容易成为讨论最多的指标之一。 TPS很重要，因为它反映了区块链每秒可以执行多少交易，这对于用户体验，DEFI，游戏以及任何需要高速定居点的现实世界应用都很重要。

That said, TPS isn’t the whole picture, it is also crucial to recognize if the TPS speeds are theoretical maximums or actual real world performance.

也就是说，TPS并不是全部图片，也必须认识到TPS速度是理论上的最高最高或实际的现实世界表现，这也至关重要。

Let’s breakdown Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche, Solana and Cardano

让我们分解Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano