Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano：比較2025年的前5個區塊鏈

本文比較了Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano並排探索其建築，交易速度，共識，街區和生態系統。

Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche, Solana, and Cardano are some of the most promising blockchains in 2025, demonstrating each blockchain’s hundred paths to a solution to the blockchain trilemma, namely scalability, security, and decentralization. This article compares them side by side and explores their architecture, transaction speed, consensus, block times, and ecosystem.

Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano是2025年最有前途的區塊鏈中的一些，這證明了每個區塊鏈的一百個途徑，通往區域性三元素的解決方案，即可擴展性，安全性和分散性。本文將它們並排比較，並探討了他們的體系結構，交易速度，共識，塊時間和生態系統。

Here is a quick at-a-glance comparison:

這是一個快速的AT-A-Glance比較：

Different blockchains excel in different categories:

不同類別中不同的區塊鏈脫穎而出：

Diving into the full comparison below to see which blockchain wins in each category in 2025!

深入研究以下完整的比較，以查看2025年每個類別中哪些區塊鏈獲勝！

1. Blockchain Structure: Monolithic vs Multi-Chain – Who Does It Best?

1。區塊鏈結構：單片與多鏈 - 誰做得最好？

When it comes to modern blockchain construction, the ways in which they are built under the hood is arguably their biggest differentiation. Some blockchains embrace simplicity through what is called a monolithic approach, which means a single chain does all of the heavy lifting. Other blockchains choose a multi-chain or modular approach, which in turn means many chains working in unison, each one used for different roles.

在現代區塊鏈結構方面，它們在引擎蓋下建造的方式可以說是它們最大的差異化。一些區塊鏈通過所謂的單片方法來擁抱簡單性，這意味著單個鏈條可以完成所有繁重的舉動。其他區塊鏈選擇一種多鍊或模塊化方法，這反過來意味著許多鏈條一致工作，每個鏈條都用於不同的角色。

In this section, we will describe the architecture of Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche, Solana and Cardano – illustrating their unique approaches to multi-chain technologies and how each relates to scalability, performance and flexibility.

在本節中，我們將描述Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano的體系結構 - 說明了他們對多鏈技術的獨特方法，以及每種方法如何與可擴展性，性能和靈活性相關。

Architecture Comparison Table

架構比較表

Polkadot the Multichain Powerhouse

多小型強國Polkadot

Polkadot is designed to embody a polylithic blockchain architecture. This means it has a Relay Chain enabling multiple parallel processing parachains.

Polkadot旨在體現一種多岩石鏈結構。這意味著它具有一個繼電器鏈，可實現多個並行處理的降落傘。

Each parachain is its own blockchain, however all parachains plug into Polkadot’s Relay Chain which manages security and finality, hence by distributing the work across many parachains, each of which can have parallel processing, Polkadot can theoretically handle millions of transactions per second.

每個Parachain都是其自己的區塊鏈，但是所有的Parachinain都插入了Polkadot的繼電器鏈中，該鏈可管理安全性和最終性，因此通過在許多降落傘上分發工作，每種降落傘都可以進行並行處理，Polkadot理論上可以處理每秒數百萬的交易。

Polkadot 2.0 is also introducing Elastic Coretime which is an optional term for developers to hire a flexible amount of space on the network – important for on-demand scaling.

Polkadot 2.0還引入了彈性Coretime，這是開發人員在網絡上僱用靈活數量的空間的可選術語 - 對於按需擴展很重要。

👉 Learn more about the architecture of Polkadot 2.0.

👉了解有關Polkadot 2.0架構的更多信息。

Cosmos: the Internet of Blockchains

宇宙：區塊鏈互聯網

Cosmos employs a similar multi-chain approach but instead of a single Relay Chain, Cosmos features a Cosmos Hub enabling many independent zones (blockchains) to operate through the IBC Protocol (Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol).

Cosmos採用了類似的多鏈方法，但宇宙不是單個繼電器鏈，而是具有宇宙集線器，使許多獨立的區域（區塊鏈）可以通過IBC協議（Interlockchain Communication Comentast）運行。

Zones operate in complete sovereignty, with their own validators, rules, and governance, while simultaneously allowing for token and data transfers anywhere in the ecosystem.

區域以其自己的驗證者，規則和治理方式完整地進行主權運作，同時允許生態系統中任何地方的令牌和數據傳輸。

👉 Explore the Cosmos Ecosystem.

👉探索宇宙生態系統。

Avalanche: Subnets for Customization

雪崩：自定義子網

Avalanche has adopted a multi-chain model as well; where they allow subnets.

雪崩也採用了多鏈模型。他們允許子網。

By default, Avalanche contains three chains (X-Chain handles assets, C-Chain handles EVM smart contracts, and P-Chain handles metadata), but they also allow for the launching of custom subnets by anyone on the EVM and Avalanche protocols.

默認情況下，雪崩包含三個鏈條（X鏈處理資產，C鏈處理EVM智能合約和P鏈處理元數據），但它們還允許EVM和Avalanche協議上的任何人啟動自定義子網。

Subnets are flexible; they can be public, private, or even regulatory-compliant and enable any and all of the capabilities of the Avalanche consensus (called Snowman); which fast tracks improvement for developers and organizations working in the Avalanche ecosystem.

子網很靈活；他們可以是公共，私人甚至符合法規的公共，並啟用雪崩共識的任何和所有能力（稱為雪人）；這快速跟踪了在雪崩生態系統中工作的開發人員和組織的改進。

👉 More about Avalanche subnets.

👉有關雪崩子網的更多信息。

Solana: The High Speed Monolithic Beast

Solana：高速整體野獸

Solana does it a little differently. Instead of a multichain or subnets, Solana is pure monolithic.

Solana的做法有所不同。 Solana是純整體的，而不是多鍵或子網。

In fact, everything in Solana is done on a single chain, but due to Solana’s way of implementing Proof of History (PoH) and then Tower BFT as a design, Solana can do parallel-processing within one chain.

實際上，Solana中的所有內容都是在單個鏈上完成的，但是由於Solana實施歷史證明（POH），然後塔BFT作為設計，Solana可以在一個鏈中進行並行處理。

This simplicity is one reason Solana is so incredibly fast and cheap, but that also means the network is forced to use the same chain for everyone’s activity, causing congestion during peak use times.

這種簡單性是Solana如此快速且便宜的原因之一，但這也意味著該網絡被迫將相同的鏈用於每個人的活動，從而在高峰時段使用時引起擁擠。

👉 See how Solana works.

👉看看Solana的工作原理。

Cardano: Secure and Monolithic by Design

Cardano：設計的安全和整體

Cardano is also a monolithic blockchain architecture, however it is focused heavily on security, formal methods and sustainability.

Cardano也是一個整體的區塊鏈體系結構，但是它主要集中在安全，正式方法和可持續性上。

Unlike others discussed, Cardano builds on 2 separate layers (Settlement Layer and Computation Layer) both of which operate on 1 chain.

與其他討論的其他人不同，Cardano在兩個單獨的層（結構層和計算層）上構建，這兩個層都在1個鍊子上運行。

Cardano does not utilize built-in sharding or parachains, however Cardano is also working on developing Layer 2 solutions like Hydra for off-chain scaling with a clean main chain.

Cardano不利用內置的碎片或降落傘，但是Cardano還致力於使用乾淨的主鍊鍊接諸如Hydra這樣的第2層解決方案，以進行鏈縮放。

👉 Cardano’s official documentation.

👉Cardano的官方文件。

Ranking: Top blockchain architectures for flexibility / scalability

排名：靈活性 /可伸縮性的頂級區塊鏈體系結構

2. Transaction Throughput (TPS): Which Blockchain Is the Fastest?

2。事務吞吐量（TPS）：哪個區塊鏈最快？

When discussing blockchain performance, transaction throughput (TPS) is easily one of the most discussed metrics. TPS is important because it reflects how many transactions a blockchain can execute per second, and that is important for user experience, DeFi, gaming, and any real world application that requires high speed settlements.

在討論區塊鏈性能時，交易吞吐量（TPS）很容易成為討論最多的指標之一。 TPS很重要，因為它反映了區塊鏈每秒可以執行多少交易，這對於用戶體驗，DEFI，遊戲以及任何需要高速定居點的現實世界應用都很重要。

That said, TPS isn’t the whole picture, it is also crucial to recognize if the TPS speeds are theoretical maximums or actual real world performance.

也就是說，TPS並不是全部圖片，也必須認識到TPS速度是理論上的最高最高或實際的現實世界表現，這也至關重要。

Let’s breakdown Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche, Solana and Cardano

讓我們分解Polkadot，Cosmos，Avalanche，Solana和Cardano