現代令牌攻擊和針對雲環境的關鍵防禦策略的解剖結構

隨著組織加速採用雲，API代幣濫用已成為關鍵的漏洞向量。

In the fast-paced sphere of cloud computing, organizations are continually pushing the boundaries of innovation. However, this rapid technological advancement has inadvertently opened up new avenues for cybercriminals to exploit. Among the emerging vulnerability vectors that pose a significant challenge to enterprise security are API token abuse and the persistence of OAuth 2.0 tokens.

在雲計算的快節奏領域中，組織正在不斷地突破創新的界限。但是，這種快速的技術進步無意中為網絡犯罪分子開發了新的途徑。在對企業安全構成重大挑戰的新興漏洞向量中，API代幣濫用和OAuth 2.0令牌的持續存在。

A 2025 study by researchers at Boston University showed that 57% of enterprises had experienced at least one API-related breach in the past two years, with 73% encountering multiple incidents. This surge in API breaches underscores the urgent need for robust cloud API security frameworks that address both technical vulnerabilities and evolving attacker tactics.

波士頓大學研究人員的2025年研究表明，過去兩年中，有57％的企業至少經歷了一種與API相關的違規行為，其中73％的企業遇到了多個事件。 API中的這種激增強調了迫切需要解決技術漏洞和不斷發展的攻擊者策略的強大雲API安全框架。

The Anatomy of Modern Token-Based Attacks

現代令牌攻擊的解剖結構

Cloud APIs, being the primary integration points for SaaS applications and internal services, are heavily targeted by cybercriminals. Traditionally, attackers focused on brute-forcing user credentials or injecting malicious payloads into API request bodies. However, recent incidents highlight a shift towards abusing OAuth 2.0 tokens and API keys due to their persistence and broad permissions.

Cloud API是SaaS應用和內部服務的主要集成點，由網絡犯罪分子對準。傳統上，攻擊者專注於野蠻的用戶憑據或將惡意有效載荷注入API請求機構。但是，最近的事件突出了濫用Oauth 2.0令牌和API鍵的轉變，因為它們的持久性和廣泛的許可。

For instance, the Heroku breach in early 2024 saw attackers gain prolonged access to multiple SaaS platforms after stealing OAuth tokens from a developer workstation. This enabled lateral movement and pivoting through interconnected SaaS applications over several weeks.

例如，在2024年初的Heroku違規行為看到攻擊者從開發人員工作站竊取了Oauth令牌後，攻擊者長期訪問了多個SaaS平台。這使得在數週內通過互連的SaaS應用程序透過橫向運動和旋轉。

On the other hand, the DocuSign campaign in mid-2024 focused on weaponizing API endpoints for large-scale fraud. By forging invoices and leveraging DocuSign's routing capabilities, attackers managed to distribute fraudulent documents to a broad range of suppliers and vendors.

另一方面，2024年中期的Docusign運動集中於將API端點武器化，以實現大規模欺詐。通過鍛造發票並利用DocuSign的路由功能，攻擊者設法將欺詐性文檔分發給了廣泛的供應商和供應商。

These incidents highlight the paradox of token convenience versus security. While tokens eliminate the risks of password sharing and streamline integration, their persistence and broad permissions create ideal conditions for lateral movement and pivoting, which are becoming increasingly common.

這些事件突出了令牌便利與安全性的悖論。儘管令牌消除了密碼共享和簡化集成的風險，但它們的持久性和廣泛的權限為橫向移動和樞轉的理想條件越來越普遍。

Critical Defense Strategies for Cloud Environments

雲環境的關鍵防禦策略

1. Implement Zero-Trust Token Policies

1。實施零信任令牌政策

Frameworks like Microsoft Entra's token protection, which binds refresh tokens to specific devices using cryptographic seals, can render stolen tokens useless on unauthorized systems. This approach helps mitigate 43% of token theft scenarios, according to Azure AD telemetry from 2024.

Microsoft Entra的代幣保護（使用加密密封件將刷新令牌綁定到特定設備）之類的框架可以使被盜的令牌在未經授權的系統上無用。根據2024年的Azure AD遙測，這種方法有助於減輕43％的令牌盜用方案。

To further minimize the impact of compromised tokens, organizations can set short lifespans and enforce timely expiry, reducing the window for attackers to exploit them. Additionally, configuring tokens for specific API scopes limits the actions an attacker can perform, preventing escalation of privileges.

為了進一步最大程度地減少受損的代幣的影響，組織可以設定較短的壽命並及時執行到期，從而減少窗口以使攻擊者利用它們。此外，為特定的API範圍配置令牌限制了攻擊者可以執行的操作，從而阻止特權升級。

2. Enforce Granular Token Controls

2。強制執行顆粒狀令牌控件

Effective practices are demonstrated by Okta's API token management platform, which provides role-based controls for token permissions and usage. This ensures that different user groups or service identities have appropriate access to the APIs they require without granting excessive privileges.

Okta的API代幣管理平台證明了有效的實踐，該平台為代幣權限和使用提供了基於角色的控制。這樣可以確保不同的用戶組或服務身份可以適當訪問所需的API，而無需授予過多的特權。

Moreover, platforms like Keycloak offer advanced token introspection capabilities, enabling organizations to identify the user, application, and scope of each token in real time. This information is crucial for threat analysis and incident response.

此外，KeyCloak之類的平台提供了高級令牌內省功能，使組織能夠實時識別每個令牌的用戶，應用程序和範圍。此信息對於威脅分析和事件響應至關重要。

3. Adopt Real-Time Threat Detection

3。採用實時威脅檢測

Palo Alto Networks' Cloud Token Theft Playbook recommends organizations monitor logs for signs of token misuse, such as multiple logins from unexpected locations or unusual API request patterns.

Palo Alto Networks的Cloud令牌盜竊劇本建議組織監視日誌是否有令牌濫用的跡象，例如來自意外位置的多個登錄或不尋常的API請求模式。

Financial institutions that implemented these controls saw mean detection time for API breaches decrease from 78 hours in 2023 to 11 minutes in 2024, according to case studies by Boston Consulting Group. This rapid detection capability is crucial for minimizing the impact of breaches and containing them quickly.

根據波士頓諮詢集團的案例研究，實施這些控制的金融機構的平均檢測時間從2023年的78小時減少到2024年的11分鐘。這種快速檢測能力對於最大程度地減少漏洞的影響並迅速包含它們至關重要。

Emerging Standards and Regulatory Pressures

新興標準和監管壓力

The OWASP API Security Top 10 2023 update highlights two classes of vulnerabilities that are particularly relevant to token abuse: broken authentication (API2:2023) and unrestricted resource consumption (API4:2023). In response to these risks, the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is developing a dedicated standard for API security best practices.

OWASP API Security TOP 10 2023更新突出了與令牌濫用特別相關的兩類漏洞：破裂的身份驗證（API2：2023）和不受限制的資源消耗（API4：2023）。為了應對這些風險，開放的Web應用程序安全項目（OWASP）正在為API安全最佳實踐開發專門的標準。

Major cloud service providers (CSPs) are also rolling out their own technologies and services. For instance, AWS Token Revoker enables organizations to revoke compromised API tokens in a single operation, while Azure Entra Conditional Access blocked 2.1 billion malicious token reuse attempts in 2024.

主要的雲服務提供商（CSP）也正在推出自己的技術和服務。例如，AWS代幣撤消器使組織能夠在一次操作中撤銷API令牌，而Azure Entra有條件訪問阻止了2024年的21億個惡意代幣重用嘗試。

The Road Ahead – Balancing Innovation and Security

前進的道路 - 平衡創新與安全

As generative AI integration expands the API attack surface, organizations must take a holistic approach to securing this domain. This includes not only technical measures but also socio-economic considerations.

隨著生成AI集成擴大了API攻擊表面，組織必須採取整體方法來確保該領域。這不僅包括技術措施，還包括社會經濟的考慮。

The Cloud Security Alliance predicts that API abuse damages will exceed $12B annually by 2026 unless current mitigation rates improve. By adopting proactive token lifecycle management, applying granular access controls, and engaging in real-time threat detection and response, enterprises can secure their cloud ecosystems against this evolving threat landscape.

雲安全聯盟預測，除非當前的緩解率提高，否則API濫用損害每年將超過$ 12B。通過採用主動的令牌生命週期管理，應用顆粒狀訪問控制並參與實時威脅檢測和響應，企業可以保護其云生態系統免受這種不斷發展的威脅景觀的影響。