The revenue machine of Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC)

In the annals of financial history, few institutions have faced the tempests of competition with the steadfast resolve of Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC).

In the ever-evolving landscape of crypto investment, the tale of Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) stands as a testament to resilience and the shifting tides of capital. Once the undisputed king of bitcoin (BTC) products, it now faces an onslaught of cheaper and more liquid competitors, yet it retains an edge in one crucial domain: revenue.

Despite losing over half its holdings with $18 billion in outflows since early 2024 and facing the heat of lower-fee rivals like iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) and Factor BTC (formerly named FTX Bitcoin Trust, now managed by Franklin Templeton), Grayscale manages to generate more annual revenue than all other U.S. spot bitcoin ETFs combined.

This surprising statistic becomes clear when examining the latest available data from December 2024 on the U.S. spot bitcoin ETFs and comparing it with the latest reported AUM figures as of May 2025.

While IBIT has managed to attract an impressive $56 billion in AUM and generates $137 million in annual revenue with its 0.25% fee, in addition to achieving an average daily trading volume of $1 billion and securing net inflows of $35.8 billion within a few weeks of launch, all at the beginning of 2024, it pales in comparison to GBTC’s performance.

Despite bearing a 1.5% expense ratio, up to seven times higher than that of its competitors, which puts pressure on investors to move to lower-cost options, and despite experiencing a record single-day loss of $618 million in March 2024 due to investors seeking lower fees or capitalizing on the trust’s historical discount to net asset value (NAV), which plummeted from 50% to nearly zero by July 2024, leading to a shift in capital, GBTC manages to generate significantly higher revenue.

This clash between revenue dominance and capital flight demands closer examination to illuminate the intricate dance of investor psychology, market dynamics and Grayscale’s calculated resilience.

Discussing this disparity, ETF Store president Nate Geraci remarked on X, "Is it any surprise that we're seeing outflows outpace new highs in terms of AUM? Not really. But it's interesting to see just how quickly the competitive landscape is unfolding, and it's a testament to the role that lower expense ratios are playing in this shift in capital flows. And we're not even considering the role of minimum investments, which can factor in for certain types of investors, or the tax implications, which can vary based on the structure of the trusts and the individual investor's circumstances." He further noted, "But it seems clear that lower ERs are a primary driver, and it will be interesting to see how this plays out in the months and years to come."

The inability of companies, family offices and other institutions to quickly pivot due to tax barriers and company directives becomes apparent when examining the broader picture. With a total spot bitcoin ETF market of nearly $100 billion, the stakes of this contest are high, and Grayscale’s revenue dominance is sure to evolve as the competitive landscape intensifies.

So, what sustains GBTC’s revenue crown in this crucible of competition? Is it the arithmetic of high fees applied to a still-formidable AUM, the loyalty of battle-scarred investors or the unseen weight of tax frictions binding them to their positions?

As we delve deeper into this question, we uncover the mechanics of GBTC’s dominance and the broader currents shaping the future of crypto investment. The answer lies in a potent blend of history, strategy and the unyielding faith of investors in a titan that, against all odds, refuses to yield.

At the heart of GBTC’s revenue edge lies its 1.5% expense ratio, a towering figure beside IBIT and Factor BTC (both 0.25%), Bitwise (0.24%) and Franklin Templeton (0.19%).

Applied to $17.9 billion in AUM, this fee yields $268.5 million annually, eclipsing the $211.8-million combined revenue of all other U.S. spot bitcoin ETFs, which manage $89 billion collectively.

This arithmetic advantage persists despite $21 billion in outflows since January 2024, including a daily average loss of $89.9 million, highlighting the sheer power of high fees on a substantial asset base.

For instance, IBIT, with its lower 0.25% fee on a larger AUM of $56 billion and a trading volume of about $1 billion per day, generates $137 million in annual revenue, a fraction of GBTC’s $268.5 million.

This disparity is further emphasized when considering that IBIT has managed to attract an impressive $35.8 billion