What is tracking error?

Key Points:

• Definition of tracking error
• Sources of tracking error
• Types of tracking error
• Measuring tracking error
• Impact of tracking error on investment returns
• Managing tracking error

What is Tracking Error?

Tracking error is a measure of the difference between the performance of an investment portfolio and its benchmark. It indicates how closely the portfolio mirrors the benchmark's performance, with a lower tracking error denoting a closer alignment.

Sources of Tracking Error:

• Active portfolio management: Deviations from the benchmark may result from active management decisions aimed at enhancing returns.
• Different portfolio composition: Asset allocation, security selection, and sector/industry weightings can contribute to divergences in portfolio performance.
• Transaction costs: Trading activity can incur costs that affect overall portfolio performance and create deviations from the benchmark.
• Investment style differences: Specific investment strategies or styles (e.g., value, growth, momentum) can lead to distinct portfolio characteristics.
• Market factors: Unanticipated market events or sector-specific fluctuations can impact portfolio performance differently from the benchmark.

Types of Tracking Error:

• Absolute tracking error: Measures the absolute difference in returns between the portfolio and the benchmark.
• Squared tracking error: Weights the absolute return differences, emphasizing larger deviations from the benchmark.
• Information ratio tracking error: Adjusts tracking error for the level of active risk taken by the portfolio, providing a risk-adjusted measure of tracking error.

Measuring Tracking Error:

• Calculate the difference in returns between the portfolio and the benchmark over a specified period.
• Determine the annualized standard deviation of the return differences.
• Express the tracking error as a percentage or basis points.

Impact of Tracking Error on Investment Returns:

• Performance comparison: A high tracking error implies significant deviation from the benchmark, which may impact the portfolio's ability to achieve its investment objectives.
• Risk assessment: Tracking error reflects the portfolio's volatility relative to the benchmark and can provide insights into the level of risk associated with the portfolio.
• Cost evaluation: Excessive trading costs or active management fees can contribute to higher tracking error and potentially hinder investment returns.

Managing Tracking Error:

• Benchmark selection: Choose a benchmark that aligns with the portfolio's investment strategy and risk tolerance.
• Active management strategy: Balance active risk and tracking error to optimize portfolio performance within acceptable parameters.
• Portfolio optimization: Utilize techniques like diversification and risk management to reduce tracking error while maintaining desired returns.
• Monitoring and evaluation: Regularly review tracking error to identify trends and make necessary adjustments to the portfolio.

FAQs:

Q: What is an acceptable tracking error?A: The acceptable level of tracking error depends on the investment strategy and objectives. For passive funds, it should be close to zero, while for actively managed funds, some degree of tracking error may be acceptable.

Q: How can I reduce tracking error in my portfolio?A: Diversify asset allocation, minimize transaction costs, and align the portfolio's investment style with the benchmark to reduce tracking error.

Q: What are the advantages of a low tracking error?A: A low tracking error indicates a close alignment with the benchmark, which may lead to improved risk management, cost efficiency, and enhanced investment returns.

Q: What are the disadvantages of a high tracking error?A: A high tracking error may denote excessive risk-taking or poor investment decisions, potentially compromising portfolio performance and investor expectations.

Q: How frequently should I monitor tracking error?A: Tracking error should be monitored regularly, typically on a quarterly or semi-annual basis, to ensure alignment with investment objectives and to make necessary adjustments to the portfolio.