当税收和隐私发生冲突时会是什么样子？

如果 web3 中的隐私实际上增强了税务报告，而不是实现避税或逃税的私有协议，结果会怎样？

The merging of Web3 and privacy is creating a unique landscape for financial activities, where the opacity provided by privacy layers could potentially impact the realm of taxation. While البعض might envision an inherent conflict between the two, viewing privacy as a tool for evading taxes, there exists an alternative perspective that presents a more harmonious convergence.

Web3 和隐私的融合正在为金融活动创造一个独特的景观，其中隐私层提供的不透明性可能会影响税收领域。虽然巴布可能会预见到两者之间存在固有的冲突，将隐私视为逃税的工具，但存在另一种观点，可以呈现出更和谐的融合。

In this scenario, privacy in Web3 could actually enhance tax reporting, offering a “best of both worlds” solution for both individuals and regulators.

在这种情况下，Web3 中的隐私实际上可以增强税务报告，为个人和监管机构提供“两全其美”的解决方案。

Imagine a world of “zero-knowledge taxes,” where individuals can file and have their taxes verified using zero-knowledge proofs. This could be achieved through a trusted, third party application that analyzes a user’s wallets and calculates their taxable events, ultimately generating a summary of the individual’s taxes for the year.

想象一个“零知识税收”的世界，个人可以使用零知识证明提交并验证其税收。这可以通过可信的第三方应用程序来实现，该应用程序分析用户的钱包并计算其应税事件，最终生成个人当年的税收摘要。

The summary tax payment, along with the proof itself, would then be submitted to the regulating entity, which can use the proof to verify that the tax summary is accurate – without needing to view every single transaction leading up to the summary.

然后，纳税汇总连同证据本身将提交给监管实体，监管实体可以使用该证据来验证纳税汇总是否准确，而无需查看汇总前的每笔交易。

Many privacy protocols today are built with selective privacy, meaning users can elect to reveal certain portions of their on-chain history if they wish. This could serve as another mechanism to establish trust between the tax filer and the regulator.

如今，许多隐私协议都是基于选择性隐私而构建的，这意味着用户可以根据需要选择透露其链上历史记录的某些部分。这可以作为在纳税申报人和监管机构之间建立信任的另一种机制。

If a regulator has reason to distrust a submitted zero-knowledge tax proof, they could compel the filer to reveal contested portions of their transaction history. While this may be difficult to enforce on an individual level – considering the likely availability of a variety of selective and non-selective privacy networks – a government requirement for all businesses to use a selective privacy network, for example, could be an effective way to manage corporate taxes.

如果监管机构有理由不信任提交的零知识税务证明，他们可能会迫使申报人披露其交易历史中有争议的部分。虽然这可能很难在个人层面上执行——考虑到各种选择性和非选择性隐私网络的可能可用性——例如，政府要求所有企业使用选择性隐私网络可能是一种有效的方法管理公司税。

While still in the conceptual phase, zero-knowledge taxes offer a vision for how Web3 innovation can be harnessed to the mutual benefit of both its users and its regulators.

尽管仍处于概念阶段，零知识税为如何利用 Web3 创新实现用户和监管机构的共同利益提供了愿景。

However, it's crucial to acknowledge the elephant in the room – the possibility of outlawing privacy. We've seen governments swiftly enact measures to restrict crypto, often citing consumer protection or fraud prevention.

然而，重要的是要承认房间里的大象——隐私权被取缔的可能性。我们看到各国政府迅速制定限制加密货币的措施，通常以消费者保护或预防欺诈为由。

For the privacy ecosystem, the standout example is the United States, which recently sanctioned every address that has interacted with Tornado Cash.

对于隐私生态系统来说，最突出的例子是美国，它最近制裁了所有与 Tornado Cash 交互的地址。

With a precedent like this, the scenario painted above may seem particularly unlikely. But it's important to note that Tornado Cash is distinct from the zero-knowledge protocols emerging today – and so are the implications of future sanctions.

有了这样的先例，上面描绘的场景似乎特别不可能。但值得注意的是，Tornado Cash 与当今出现的零知识协议不同，未来制裁的影响也是如此。

When the U.S. government sanctioned Tornado Cash, their aim was to sanction the untraceable, unverifiable movement of funds. The private nature of Tornado Cash wouldn't allow the U.S. government to sanction addresses that only transferred funds (as opposed to other on-chain actions). However, luckily for those regulators, this wasn't a concern.

当美国政府制裁Tornado Cash时，他们的目的是制裁无法追踪、无法核实的资金流动。龙卷风现金的私有性质不允许美国政府批准仅转移资金的地址（而不是其他链上操作）。然而，幸运的是，对于那些监管机构来说，这并不是一个问题。

Tornado Cash is a straightforward protocol that enables only the transfer of funds. By sanctioning the protocol, the U.S. government was able to sanction the undesired action.

Tornado Cash 是一种简单的协议，仅支持资金转移。通过批准该协议，美国政府能够批准这种不受欢迎的行为。

This approach will not translate to the emerging wave of more expressive privacy networks, which can facilitate anything from transferring funds to sending messages. Unable to select and sanction specific actions behind a privacy wall, regulators will be faced with a choice: sanction an entire protocol, including all the benign non-financial activity, or adapt and learn how to regulate privacy networks to create a symbiotic relationship between regulator and individual.

这种方法不会转化为新兴的更具表现力的隐私网络浪潮，该网络可以促进从转移资金到发送消息的任何事情。由于无法选择和批准隐私墙背后的具体行动，监管机构将面临一个选择：批准整个协议，包括所有良性非金融活动，或者适应并学习如何监管隐私网络，以在监管机构之间建立共生关系。和个人。

A world where tax filers and regulators happily and trustlessly interact with zero-knowledge technology is not right around the corner. Not only does a considerable amount of work need to happen in the Web3 privacy space, but lawmakers also need to warm up to the crypto industry as a whole, let alone more esoteric and technical niches like zero-knowledge.

税务申报者和监管者愉快且无需信任地与零知识技术互动的世界还远未到来。不仅 Web3 隐私领域需要做大量工作，立法者还需要对整个加密行业进行热身，更不用说零知识等更深奥的技术利基领域了。

However, just like death and taxes, privacy technology, too, is inevitable. The evolution of Web3 will continue to integrate more privacy solutions, and both users and regulators will be eventually forced to contend with the technology. Recognizing today that this collision isn't destined to be antagonistic is just the starting point.

然而，就像死亡和税收一样，隐私技术也是不可避免的。 Web3的发展将不断集成更多的隐私解决方案，用户和监管机构最终都将被迫与该技术抗衡。今天认识到这场冲突并不注定是对抗性的，这只是一个起点。

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Matthew Niemerg is the co-founder of Aleph Zero.

马修·尼默格 (Matthew Niemerg) 是阿莱夫·零 (Aleph Zero) 的联合创始人。