加密货币赋予数字公民自治的力量

加密货币的价值主张是用户对金钱、数据和社交关系的控制。这是由于互联网服务架构的重写，摆脱了传统的客户端/服务器关系，并使个人能够“拥有”自己的一方。内森·施奈德（Nathan Schneider）探讨了“社区所有权”的概念，他认为互联网的问题源于社会选择，我们可以做出更好的选择，集体经营公司或作为企业家进行实验。施耐德主张区块链在扩大在线民主控制方面的作用，并指出其网络设计不依赖于单一服务器，并支持新形式的治理探索。

Cryptocurrency and the Empowerment of Digital Citizens

加密货币和数字公民的赋权

At its core, the allure of cryptocurrency lies in its fundamental proposition: it grants users unprecedented autonomy in managing their financial resources, personal data, and social connections. This transformative power stems from a paradigm shift in how internet services are architected. In contrast to the traditional client/server relationship that dominated the pre-blockchain era, individuals and communities now possess the ability to "own" their side of the equation.

从本质上讲，加密货币的吸引力在于其基本主张：它在管理财务资源、个人数据和社交关系方面赋予用户前所未有的自主权。这种变革力量源于互联网服务架构方式的范式转变。与在前区块链时代占主导地位的传统客户端/服务器关系相反，个人和社区现在拥有“拥有”自己一方的能力。

Nathan Schneider, a media studies professor at the University of Colorado Boulder, has long been an advocate for the concept of "community ownership." As an active participant in the Occupy Wall Street protests that coincided with Bitcoin's introduction to the public in 2011, Schneider has witnessed firsthand the shortcomings of centralized governance models.

科罗拉多大学博尔德分校媒体研究教授内森·施奈德长期以来一直是“社区所有权”概念的倡导者。作为 2011 年比特币向公众推出同时发生的“占领华尔街”抗议活动的积极参与者，施耐德亲眼目睹了中心化治理模式的缺陷。

Throughout his career, Schneider has developed a compelling theory that many of the internet's most intractable problems are rooted in society's choices. By embracing decentralization and experimentation, we can fashion more effective solutions, whether it entails managing organizations like Twitter/X collectively or encouraging entrepreneurial innovation.

在他的整个职业生涯中，施耐德发展了一个令人信服的理论，即互联网上许多最棘手的问题都源于社会的选择。通过拥抱权力下放和实验，我们可以制定更有效的解决方案，无论是集体管理 Twitter/X 等组织还是鼓励创业创新。

Schneider's latest book, "Governable Spaces: Democratic Design for Online Life," delves into the intricate relationship between blockchain technology and democratic control in the digital realm. While his previous works have explored political theory, "Governable Spaces" represents Schneider's most comprehensive analysis to date on how to translate the principles and practices of self-governance into the online environment.

施耐德的最新著作《可治理空间：在线生活的民主设计》深入探讨了区块链技术与数字领域民主控制之间的复杂关系。虽然他之前的作品探讨了政治理论，但《可治理空间》代表了施耐德迄今为止对如何将自治原则和实践转化为网络环境的最全面的分析。

"In other spheres of our existence, we overwhelmingly resolve issues through local self-governance: school boards, city councils, local clubs, and so on," Schneider explained in an interview with CoinDesk. "We recognize that one-size-fits-all solutions are ineffective, and top-down approaches will invariably alienate half of the population."

“在我们存在的其他领域，我们绝大多数通过地方自治来解决问题：学校董事会、市议会、当地俱乐部等等，”施奈德在接受 CoinDesk 采访时解释道。 “我们认识到一刀切的解决方案是无效的，自上而下的方法总是会疏远一半的人。”

Blockchain's Role in Expanding Democratic Control

区块链在扩大民主控制方面的作用

In Schneider's view, blockchain technology holds immense promise for expanding democratic control online. By eliminating reliance on centralized servers, blockchain creates a network design that empowers individuals and communities to govern their own spaces.

在施耐德看来，区块链技术对于扩大在线民主控制具有巨大的前景。通过消除对集中式服务器的依赖，区块链创建了一种网络设计，使个人和社区能够管理自己的空间。

However, Schneider also acknowledges that current decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) fall short of ideal governance practices. "If I ask DAO builders today, the response is typically, 'no, we're still discovering the best approach'," Schneider said. "In some ways, this exposes the relative infancy of the challenge. We've always delegated governance to admins and moderators, and we're now painfully learning the complexities of self-governance. It's like reinventing the wheel within the context of DAOs."

然而，施耐德也承认，当前的去中心化自治组织（DAO）达不到理想的治理实践。 “如果我今天问 DAO 构建者，他们的回答通常是，‘不，我们仍在寻找最好的方法’，”施奈德说。 “在某些方面，这暴露了挑战的相对初级阶段。我们一直将治理委托给管理员和主持人，而我们现在正在痛苦地学习自治的复杂性。这就像在 DAO 的背景下重新发明轮子一样。 ”

Despite the challenges, Schneider is optimistic about the governance innovations emerging within the DAO ecosystem. "What excites me about DAOs is the creativity and experimentation with different voting mechanisms and identity representation methods that I believe the rest of the world needs to witness," he said.

尽管面临挑战，施耐德对 DAO 生态系统中出现的治理创新持乐观态度。 “DAO 让我兴奋的是不同投票机制和身份表示方法的创造力和实验，我相信世界其他地方需要见证，”他说。

Lessons from Real-World Democracy

现实世界民主的教训

While there is no universal solution to online governance, Schneider believes we can draw valuable lessons from real-world democratic institutions. A foundational step is establishing the necessary framework, which is currently underway.

虽然在线治理没有通用的解决方案，但施耐德相信我们可以从现实世界的民主机构中汲取宝贵的经验教训。一个基本步骤是建立必要的框架，目前正在进行中。

"A few years ago, my team proposed 'modular politics' as a framework for designing online spaces," Schneider explained. "Just as we expect modularity in our computer applications, we can assemble different apps—plugins for WordPress websites or Discord bots—to govern online environments. Tools like Aragon demonstrate the practical implementation of this modular logic."

“几年前，我的团队提出‘模块化政治’作为设计在线空间的框架，”施耐德解释道。 “正如我们期望计算机应用程序实现模块化一样，我们可以组装不同的应用程序（WordPress 网站的插件或 Discord 机器人）来管理在线环境。像 Aragon 这样的工具演示了这种模块化逻辑的实际实现。”

Alongside technical infrastructure, securing financial sustainability is crucial for protecting collective governance. Schneider emphasizes the need for financing mechanisms that are compatible with collective ownership and value preservation. "Venture capital offers can often lead to the re-centralization of DAOs," he said. "To safeguard collective governance, we must prioritize tools that support promising projects without compromising ownership."

除了技术基础设施之外，确保财务可持续性对于保护集体治理也至关重要。施耐德强调需要与集体所有权和保值相适应的融资机制。 “风险投资通常会导致 DAO 的重新集中化，”他说。 “为了维护集体治理，我们必须优先考虑支持有前途的项目而不损害所有权的工具。”

Balancing Efficiency and Democratic Values

平衡效率和民主价值观

Given the crypto industry's focus on market solutions and efficiency, Schneider acknowledges the potential for conflicts with democratic governance. "We must determine efficiency for what purpose," he said. "Certain market solutions may not be effective for addressing broader societal needs. For instance, token-based voting disproportionately empowers token holders, undermining the goal of harnessing collective intelligence."

鉴于加密货币行业注重市场解决方案和效率，施耐德承认可能与民主治理发生冲突。 “我们必须确定效率的目的是什么，”他说。 “某些市场解决方案可能无法有效满足更广泛的社会需求。例如，基于代币的投票过多地赋予了代币持有者权力，从而破坏了利用集体智慧的目标。”

Schneider believes that financial mechanisms alone have limitations and highlights the importance of non-financial strategies, such as soulbound tokens. He also draws inspiration from initiatives like Decidim, a platform developed in Barcelona that empowers citizens to participate in municipal governance without financial incentives.

施耐德认为，仅金融机制有其局限性，并强调了非金融策略的重要性，例如灵魂绑定代币。他还从 Decidim 等举措中汲取灵感，Decidim 是巴塞罗那开发的一个平台，使公民能够在没有经济激励的情况下参与市政治理。

The Importance of Identity

身份的重要性

In the context of online co-governance, Schneider recognizes the significance of identity, while acknowledging the limitations of relying solely on a single identity. "Identity is certainly important, but we shouldn't restrict ourselves to a solitary identity," he said. "We've traditionally relied heavily on nation-state identities, where every landmass belongs to a specific country. Networks, however, invite us to explore nonexclusive sovereignties, a concept eloquently articulated by indigenous scholar Glen Coulthard. This perspective empowers individuals to assume different forms of self-presentation in online spaces."

在网络共治的背景下，施耐德认识到身份的重要性，同时也承认仅仅依靠单一身份的局限性。 “身份当然很重要，但我们不应该将自己限制在一个孤独的身份上，”他说。 “传统上，我们严重依赖民族国家身份，每一块土地都属于一个特定的国家。然而，网络邀请我们探索非排他性主权，这是土著学者格伦·库特哈德雄辩地阐明的一个概念。这种观点使个人能够假设不同的主权。”在线空间中的自我呈现形式。”

Schneider advocates for the development of proof-of-personhood mechanisms to ensure accountability, while recognizing the limitations of relying exclusively on nation-state identities.

施耐德主张发展人格证明机制以确保问责制，同时认识到完全依赖民族国家身份的局限性。

Friction vs. Value

摩擦与价值

Schneider addresses the potential for online governance to impede the inherent value of the internet, namely the seamless navigation between websites without barriers. "It's a valid concern," Schneider said. "In fact, it's the topic of my first paper after completing the book with my collaborators at Metagov."

施耐德指出在线治理可能会阻碍互联网的内在价值，即网站之间无障碍的无缝导航。 “这是一个合理的担忧，”施耐德说。 “事实上，这是我与 Metagov 的合作者完成这本书后第一篇论文的主题。”

Schneider believes in striking a balance between participation and accessibility. "There are some spaces where I enjoy participating in governance, like my small Mastodon server community," he said. "Conversely, I rely on a credit union for financial services, which is complex and involves spreadsheets—I'm thankful that I'm not responsible for their governance. However, there are accountability mechanisms in place to ensure responsiveness to my needs."

施耐德相信在参与性和可及性之间取得平衡。 “我喜欢在某些空间参与治理，比如我的小型 Mastodon 服务器社区，”他说。 “相反，我依靠信用合作社提供金融服务，这很复杂并且涉及电子表格 - 我很庆幸我不负责他们的治理。但是，有适当的问责机制来确保对我的需求做出响应。”

Schneider suggests exploring novel governance forms tailored to the level of engagement with different communities and platforms. "In Europe, citizens' assemblies involve selecting a representative group of citizens who dedicate time to studying issues and devising proposals," he said. "This approach has proven successful in overcoming legislative gridlocks and could be applicable to online governance, enabling participation without overburdening individuals."

施耐德建议探索适合不同社区和平台参与程度的新颖治理形式。 “在欧洲，公民大会涉及选择一个公民代表团体，他们花时间研究问题和制定提案，”他说。 “事实证明，这种方法可以成功克服立法僵局，并且可以适用于在线治理，从而在不给个人带来过重负担的情况下实现参与。”

DAO Governance Challenges

DAO 治理挑战

Schneider has observed low participation in voting proposals within DAOs, which he believes signals a need for reassessment. "It's crucial to recognize that low voter turnout indicates a disconnect somewhere in the system," he said. "Instead of solely aiming for increased token-voting, we should focus on eliciting better information and ensuring that participants feel a sense of accountability while maintaining reasonable obligations."

Schneider 观察到 DAO 内投票提案的参与度较低，他认为这表明需要重新评估。 “重要的是要认识到低投票率表明系统中某个地方存在脱节，”他说。 “我们不应仅仅以增加代币投票为目标，而应专注于获取更好的信息，并确保参与者在维持合理义务的同时感受到责任感。”

Decentralized Social Media: A Personal Perspective

去中心化社交媒体：个人观点

Schneider's involvement in running a Mastodon server has reignited his enthusiasm for social media. "I experience a genuine sense of community, not a corporation trying to extract something from me," he said. However, he acknowledges the underinvestment in decentralized social media platforms, particularly Mastodon, which has rejected venture capital.

施耐德参与运行 Mastodon 服务器重新点燃了他对社交媒体的热情。 “我体验到了一种真正的社区意识，而不是一家试图从我身上榨取东西的公司，”他说。然而，他承认去中心化社交媒体平台投资不足，尤其是 Mastodon，该平台拒绝了风险投资。

Cooperative Economics and the Future of Crypto

合作经济学和加密货币的未来

Schneider believes that cooperative economics holds potential for transforming the online economy, but recognizes its complexity. He draws inspiration from cooperative models that have achieved success in sectors like agriculture and rural electrification. "We have the legacy of cooperative capital and financing, but we need to adapt it to the digital realm," he said.

施耐德认为，合作经济学具有改变在线经济的潜力，但也认识到其复杂性。他从农业和农村电气化等领域取得成功的合作模式中汲取灵感。 “我们拥有合作资本和融资的遗产，但我们需要将其适应数字领域，”他说。

Schneider is actively pursuing collaborations between advocates of cooperative economics and decentralized finance enthusiasts to explore synergies and foster the development of tools that enable democratic and sustainable online financing.

施耐德正在积极寻求合作经济倡导者和去中心化金融爱好者之间的合作，以探索协同效应并促进开发能够实现民主和可持续在线融资的工具。

The Role of the Crypto Ecosystem in User Responsibility

加密生态系统在用户责任中的作用

Schneider emphasizes the importance of recognizing the regulatory implications of blockchain technology and the responsibility of the crypto ecosystem to safeguard users. "Every time we code, we engage in a form of regulation," he said. "We establish governance structures and create a kind of law. The question is, whose priorities are we addressing and to whom are we accountable?"

施耐德强调认识到区块链技术的监管影响以及加密生态系统保护用户的责任的重要性。 “每次我们编码时，我们都会进行某种形式的监管，”他说。 “我们建立治理结构并制定一种法律。问题是，我们要解决谁的优先事项以及我们对谁负责？”

Schneider calls for increased accountability and user protection within the crypto industry. "We've witnessed numerous trust breakdowns and disasters like FTX," he said. "It's alarming how few resources are dedicated to addressing these problems. Investors deserve economic justice and protection."

施耐德呼吁加密行业内加强问责制和用户保护。他说：“我们目睹了无数像 FTX 这样的信任崩溃和灾难。” “令人震惊的是，用于解决这些问题的资源如此之少。投资者应该得到经济正义和保护。”

Schneider advocates for fundamental reforms in fiscal policy, labor protections, and basic protections to address the needs of individuals participating in the crypto economy. He believes that acknowledging the inherent governance aspects of blockchain technology is the first step towards a more responsible and sustainable future for the industry.

施耐德主张对财政政策、劳动保护和基本保护进行根本性改革，以满足参与加密经济的个人的需求。他认为，承认区块链技术固有的治理方面是该行业迈向更负责任和可持续未来的第一步。