2024 年，數千個第 2 層 (L2) 區塊鏈將進入以太坊 (ETH)。

Pudgy Penguins、Bored Ape Yacht Club 和 Azuki 等主要非同質代幣 (NFT) 系列已宣布推出自己的 L2

In 2024, a major talking point in crypto was the number of layer-2 (L2) blockchains being created on top of the Ethereum network. In addition to numerous traditional companies like Fox Corporations and Flipkart, major nonfungible token (NFT) collections such as Pudgy Penguins, Bored Ape Yacht Club and Azuki also announced their own L2s.

2024 年，加密貨幣領域的一個主要主題是在以太坊網路之上創建的第 2 層 (L2) 區塊鏈的數量。除了 Fox Corporations 和 Flipkart 等眾多傳統公司之外，Pudgy Penguins、Bored Ape Yacht Club 和 Azuki 等主要非同質代幣 (NFT) 系列也宣布了自己的 L2。

This sudden surge in L2s has been dismissed as hype by some. However, it is highly likely that we will see thousands of L2s emerge within the next year, which will be beneficial for the Ethereum ETHUSD ecosystem.

L2 的突然激增被一些人視為炒作。然而，我們很可能會在明年看到數千個 L2 的出現，這將有利於以太坊 ETHUSD 生態系統。

To provide some background, the Ethereum network is a first-layer blockchain (L1). While Ethereum prioritizes decentralization and security, it lacks scalability — a problem known as the blockchain trilemma, where only two of those three things can be achieved.

提供一些背景知識，以太坊網路是第一層區塊鏈（L1）。雖然以太坊優先考慮去中心化和安全性，但它缺乏可擴展性——這個問題被稱為區塊鏈三難困境，即只能實現這三件事中的兩件事。

As a result, the Ethereum network is less scalable, and executions on it are very expensive. To solve this, L2s — also known as rollups — were created. They process transactions off the Ethereum network more cheaply by consolidating them into batches and sending those batches to the Ethereum network.

因此，以太坊網路的可擴展性較差，且其執行成本非常昂貴。為了解決這個問題，創建了 L2（也稱為匯總）。他們透過將交易合併成批次並將這些批次發送到以太坊網絡，以更便宜的方式處理以太坊網路上的交易。

However, this model presents two major pain points. The first is fragmentation of the Ethereum ecosystem. Market liquidity is divided across L2s, which creates a poor user experience. Users constantly need to switch their wallets between networks and “bridge” their assets. Additionally, bridges and “wrapped” assets on different networks have been major targets for hackers in recent years.

然而，該模型存在兩個主要痛點。首先是以太坊生態系的碎片化。市場流動性在 L2 之間劃分，這造成了糟糕的用戶體驗。用戶經常需要在網路之間切換錢包並「橋接」他們的資產。此外，近年來，不同網路上的橋樑和「包裝」資產一直是駭客的主要目標。

The second pain point is the instability and unpredictability of transaction costs of these L2s, which is terrible for the development of various applications. One day you might pay a single cent to perform an operation, and the next that figure might be 10 or 100 times higher because some meme coin is trending and occupying all of the block space.

第二個痛點是這些L2的交易成本的不穩定性和不可預測性，這對於各種應用程式的開發來說是可怕的。有一天你可能會支付一分錢來執行一項操作，而下一天這個數字可能會增加 10 或 100 倍，因為某些 meme 幣正在流行並佔據了所有的區塊空間。

The result is an ecosystem with fragmented liquidity, fragmented users, poor UX, vulnerability to exploits, and an environment still not suitable for applications to be developed in a financially sustainable way.

結果是形成一個流動性分散、用戶分散、用戶體驗差、容易被利用的生態系統，而且環境仍然不適合以財務上可持續的方式開發應用程式。

Thousands of L2s to eliminate the pain

數千個L2消除疼痛

Despite seeming complex, launching and maintaining an L2 today is extremely quick and relatively cheap. Rollup as a Service (RaaS) companies do this work and can already launch and maintain a rollup in up to six minutes for less than $1,000 per month, as is the case with RaaS Gateway.Fm.

儘管看起來很複雜，但如今啟動和維護 L2 速度非常快且相對便宜。匯總即服務 (RaaS) 公司從事這項工作，並且已經可以在最多六分鐘內啟動和維護匯總，每月費用不到 1,000 美元，RaaS Gateway.Fm 就是這種情況。

These rollups are constructed using the chain-development kits (CDKs) of larger L2s, such as Polygon MATICUSD, Optimism (OP), Arbitrum (ARB), and ZkSync. Due to the ease of creating new L2s, two categories of blockchains have gained popularity: appchains and sector Chains.

這些匯總是使用較大 L2 的鏈開發套件 (CDK) 建構的，例如 Polygon MATICUSD、Optimism (OP)、Arbitrum (ARB) 和 ZkSync。由於創建新的 L2 很容易，兩類區塊鏈受到了歡迎：應用鏈和扇區鏈。

Appchains are L2s created and customized to support only one application, offering a controlled environment with cheaper and more predictable costs than building on public L2s.

應用鍊是為僅支援一個應用程式而創建和自訂的 L2，它提供了一個受控環境，其成本比在公共 L2 上建立更便宜且更可預測。

Sector chains are blockchains (usually permissioned) created and customized to serve a specific sector, such as gaming or real-world assets (RWAs).

部門鏈是為服務特定部門（例如遊戲或現實世界資產（RWA））而創建和定制的區塊鏈（通常經過許可）。

By themselves, these environments are more suitable for financially sustainable on-chain development. But they come with an additional benefit: Their customization for specific use cases enables greater efficiency than public L2s, which are built for generalized use.

就其本身而言，這些環境更適合財務上可持續的鏈上開發。但它們還有一個額外的好處：它們針對特定用例的客製化比為通用用途而建構的公共 L2 具有更高的效率。

Of course, these new chains do lead to greater fragmentation. That issue is being partially resolved by the same L2s that provide the CDKs for the rest of the market. Polygon, Optimism, and ZkSync are building liquidity aggregation layers that will make thousands of appchains and sector chains seem like one.

當然，這些新的鏈條確實會導致更大的碎片化。這個問題正在透過為市場其他部分提供 CDK 的相同 L2 來部分解決。 Polygon、Optimism 和 ZkSync 正在建立流動性聚合層，這將使數千個應用鍊和扇區鏈看起來像是一個。

AggLayer, a liquidity aggregation layer created by Polygon, is a project that stands out in this area. It’s at the forefront of developing an aggregation layer that uses zero-knowledge (ZK) proof technology. (ZK is not only key to achieving instant interoperability between chains connected to AggLayer, but also to making these chains cheaper in the future.)

AggLayer是Polygon創建的流動性聚合層，是該領域中脫穎而出的專案。它處於開發使用零知識 (ZK) 證明技術的聚合層的最前沿。 （ZK 不僅是實現連接到 AggLayer 的鏈之間即時互通性的關鍵，而且也是使這些鏈在未來變得更便宜的關鍵。）

Big names including OKX, Ronin, ImmutableX, Telegram Open Network (TON) and Fox Corporation have or are in the process of connecting L2s to AggLayer.Cointelegraph

OKX、Ronin、ImmutableX、Telegram Open Network (TON) 和 Fox Corporation 等知名公司已經或正在將 L2 連接到 AggLayer。

Even Ronin — one of the biggest gaming blockchains in the world — announced in June that it was considering the possibility of transitioning from an L1 to an L2 connected to AggLayer. That would add immense value to the Ethereum ecosystem — and to Ronin itself, as it could dedicate less energy to infrastructure and spend more time acquiring new games and ensuring their success.

就連世界上最大的遊戲區塊鏈之一 Ronin 在 6 月也宣布，正在考慮從 L1 過渡到連接 AggLayer 的 L2 的可能性。這將為以太坊生態系統以及 Ronin 本身增加巨大的價值，因為它可以將更少的精力投入到基礎設施上，而花更多的時間來獲取新遊戲並確保它們的成功。

It’s clear that thousands of appchains and sector chains are coming, and that they will be crucial to financially sustainable on-chain development. ZK aggregation layers will solve much of the fragmentation pain that we’re experiencing today. It’s an inviting dynamic for other L1s to migrate to the Ethereum ecosystem to take advantage of increasingly unified liquidity — enabling them to focus less on infrastructure and more on acquiring and

很明顯，數以千計的應用鍊和部門鏈即將到來，它們對於財務上可持續的鏈上發展至關重要。 ZK 聚合層將解決我們今天遇到的大部分碎片問題。對於其他 L1 來說，遷移到以太坊生態系統以利用日益統一的流動性是一種誘人的動力，使他們能夠減少對基礎設施的關注，而更多地關注收購和