（從Thunderbolt開始，重新檢查比特幣閃電網絡的設計邏輯）

本章的內容是根據文章（對比特幣上的元協議的無狀態和可驗證的執行層）來解釋的（請參閱參考鏈接1）。

When people mention Bitcoin, the first attributes that come to mind are usually 'decentralization' and 'immutability'. However, when you actually want to use it to buy a cup of coffee, you will quickly encounter an awkward problem: waiting for transaction confirmation takes longer than waiting for the coffee, and sometimes the transaction fee is even more expensive than the coffee itself. Assets on Bitcoin are still 'as immovable as a mountain'—mainly relying on HODL, unable to be lent, combined, or interoperate.

當人們提到比特幣時，想到的第一個屬性通常是“權力下放”和“不變性”。但是，當您實際上想使用它來購買一杯咖啡時，您會很快遇到一個尷尬的問題：等待交易確認比等待咖啡所需的時間更長，有時交易費甚至比咖啡本身更昂貴。比特幣上的資產仍然“像山一樣不可移動”，依靠Hodl，無法借出，合併或互操作。

The script structure of Bitcoin Script is extremely conservative, limiting most off-chain interaction scenarios. It was not designed to handle thousands of payments per second. However, the reality is that people want Bitcoin to be usable, even if it's just to buy a game skin or give a tip while watching a video, without waiting for ten minutes.

比特幣腳本的腳本結構非常保守，限制了大多數鏈互動方案。它並非每秒處理數千款付款。但是，現實情況是，即使只是在觀看視頻時購買遊戲皮或給小費，人們也希望比特幣可用，而無需等待十分鐘。

The Bitcoin main chain is like a highway, while the Lightning Network is akin to a toll fast lane built alongside it. Its core concept stems from a compromise on main chain transaction efficiency: since there is a speed bottleneck in on-chain transactions, the focus is no longer on recording every transaction on-chain, but rather on establishing dedicated 'payment channels' between users for high-frequency bookkeeping, ultimately syncing the state of funds only when the channel is closed. This model is similar to friends settling up after alternating who treats for meals each week—people do not immediately transfer money to the bank after every meal, but rather settle accounts in one go after accumulating several meals. The Lightning Network is essentially a transaction network woven together by thousands of such payment channels.

比特幣主鏈就像一條高速公路一樣，而閃電網絡類似於與之建造的通行通道。它的核心概念源於對主鏈交易效率的妥協：由於鏈接交易中存在速度瓶頸，因此重點不再是記錄每筆交易的每筆交易，而是在用戶之間建立專用的“付款渠道”以建立高頻簿記，最終僅在渠道關閉時才同步資金。該型號類似於朋友在每週享用餐點的交替享用餐點後安頓下來的朋友，每頓飯後，人們不會立即將錢轉移到銀行，而是在積累了幾頓飯後一口氣解決。閃電網絡本質上是由數千個此類付款渠道編織在一起的交易網絡。

However, this seemingly ingenious system exposes multiple dilemmas in practical applications. First is the high threshold for channel construction; users must pre-lock funds to establish a trading channel, which means that to trade with any party, a dedicated channel connection must be established in advance. Second is the complex routing problem; when user A and B lack a direct connection, even if there is an indirect path A-C-B, if the intermediate channel lacks funds or the nodes along the path are unavailable, the transaction will still fail. More severely, there are security risks; the system requires users to remain online to prevent the counterparty from submitting expired transactions for fraud when the channel is closed, which imposes unrealistic operational demands on ordinary users' devices.

但是，這個看似巧妙的系統在實際應用中暴露了多個困境。首先是通道建設的高閾值；用戶必須預先建立交易渠道，這意味著要與任何一方進行交易，必須提前建立專用的渠道連接。第二是複雜的路由問題。當用戶A和B缺乏直接連接時，即使存在間接路徑ACB，中間通道缺乏資金或路徑沿途的節點，交易仍然會失敗。更嚴重的是有安全風險；該系統要求用戶保持在線狀態，以防止交易對手在關閉頻道時提交過期的欺詐交易，這對普通用戶的設備施加了不切實際的操作需求。

Despite the Lightning Network being operational for many years, these structural flaws have prevented its practical application from breaking through bottlenecks. Public data shows that the total locked amount in the entire Lightning Network currently only maintains around 100 million USD, which is nearly marginalized in relation to the trillion-dollar valuation of the Bitcoin system. This raises deep industry reflections: can we build a more complete off-chain payment protocol to break through the existing predicament?

儘管閃電網絡已經運行了很多年，但這些結構性缺陷卻阻止了其實際應用破壞瓶頸。公共數據顯示，整個閃電網絡中的總鎖定金額僅維持在約1億美元，與比特幣系統的萬億美元估值有關。這引起了深厚的行業思考：我們可以建立一個更完整的脫鏈支付協議以突破現有的困境嗎？

According to Chain Catcher news on April 15, HSBC disclosed in an official news release that Bitcoin Thunderbolt is the most milestone technical upgrade for Bitcoin in the past decade. The overall observation of Thunderbolt resembles 'Lightning Network 2.0', but it is not just an upgrade; it is more like a reconstruction of the off-chain Bitcoin interaction paradigm.

根據Chain Catcher News在4月15日的報導，匯豐銀行在官方新聞稿中透露，比特幣Thunderbolt是過去十年中比特幣最具里程碑的技術升級。 Thunderbolt的整體觀察結果類似於“ Lightning Network 2.0”，但不僅僅是升級；這更像是對鏈比特幣相互作用範式的重建。

Bitcoin Thunderbolt is a soft fork upgrade method based on the Bitcoin base layer. It does not rely on second-layer networks or cross-chain bridge compromises, but instead modifies the protocol level of the Bitcoin main chain, fundamentally enhancing Bitcoin's scalability, transaction performance, and programmability.

比特幣Thunderbolt是基於比特幣基層的軟叉升級方法。它不依賴第二層網絡或跨鏈橋樑的妥協，而是修改比特幣主鏈的協議級別，從根本上增強了比特幣的可伸縮性，交易性能和可編程性。

From a performance perspective, Nubit, using UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) Bundling technology, has achieved significant optimization of the traditional Bitcoin transaction processing model. The traditional Bitcoin network, due to its single UTXO model, has clear limitations on transaction speed and throughput. UTXO Bundling allows multiple UTXOs to be aggregated for processing, effectively compressing the transaction data volume, thus enhancing transaction speed by about 10 times without sacrificing security.

從性能的角度來看，使用UTXO（無需交易輸出）捆綁技術的Nubit已實現了傳統的比特幣交易處理模型的顯著優化。由於其單個UTXO模型，傳統的比特幣網絡對交易速度和吞吐量有明顯的限制。 UTXO捆綁允許將多個UTXO匯總用於處理，從而有效地壓縮交易數據量，從而在不犧牲安全性的情況下提高了約10倍的交易速度。

In terms of programmability, Bitcoin Thunderbolt reintroduces and expands the OP_CAT opcode (which was present in early versions of Bitcoin and later removed). OP_CAT allows for data concatenation operations, enabling developers to build more complex script logic, thereby directly implementing smart contracts on the Bitcoin main chain. The most direct benefit of this upgrade is: developers can deploy decentralized applications (dApps) on the native Bitcoin network without relying on side chains, Rollups, or cross-chain bridges.

就可編程性而言，比特幣雷電重新引入並擴展了OP_CAT OPCODE（該OPCode（以比特幣的早期版本存在，後來刪除）。 OP_CAT允許進行數據串聯操作，使開發人員能夠構建更複雜的腳本邏輯，從而直接在比特幣主鏈上實現智能合約。此升級的最直接好處是：開發人員可以在本機比特幣網絡上部署分散的應用程序（DAPP），而無需依賴側鏈，匯總或跨鏈橋樑。

In terms of asset protocol integration, Nubit advocates and implements a unified standard called Goldinals. Goldinals provides a framework for asset issuance based on zero-knowledge proofs and state commitments. In simple terms, this is a 'Bitcoin native' token standard that does not rely on external trust institutions and does not require complex cross-chain bridges to verify the existence and status of each token on-chain. BitMM, running on Bitcoin, integrates fragmented protocols such as BRC-20, Runes, and Ordinals. Nubit has also made significant breakthroughs in trustless transactions. Its BitMM (Bitcoin Message Market) system supports users in conducting trustless transaction matching

在資產協議集成方面，Nubit倡導並實現了一個稱為金剛原因的統一標準。 Goldines基於零知識證明和國家承諾為資產發行提供了一個框架。簡而言之，這是一個“比特幣本機”代幣標準，它不依賴外部信任機構，並且不需要復雜的跨鏈橋來驗證每個令牌上鍊的存在和狀態。 BitMM在比特幣上運行，集成了零散的協議，例如BRC-20，符文和序數。 Nubit在無信任的交易中也取得了重大突破。它的BITMM（比特幣消息市場）系統支持用戶進行無信任的交易匹配