（从Thunderbolt开始，重新检查比特币闪电网络的设计逻辑）

本章的内容是根据文章（对比特币上的元协议的无状态和可验证的执行层）来解释的（请参阅参考链接1）。

When people mention Bitcoin, the first attributes that come to mind are usually 'decentralization' and 'immutability'. However, when you actually want to use it to buy a cup of coffee, you will quickly encounter an awkward problem: waiting for transaction confirmation takes longer than waiting for the coffee, and sometimes the transaction fee is even more expensive than the coffee itself. Assets on Bitcoin are still 'as immovable as a mountain'—mainly relying on HODL, unable to be lent, combined, or interoperate.

当人们提到比特币时，想到的第一个属性通常是“权力下放”和“不变性”。但是，当您实际上想使用它来购买一杯咖啡时，您会很快遇到一个尴尬的问题：等待交易确认比等待咖啡所需的时间更长，有时交易费甚至比咖啡本身更昂贵。比特币上的资产仍然“像山一样不可移动”，依靠Hodl，无法借出，合并或互操作。

The script structure of Bitcoin Script is extremely conservative, limiting most off-chain interaction scenarios. It was not designed to handle thousands of payments per second. However, the reality is that people want Bitcoin to be usable, even if it's just to buy a game skin or give a tip while watching a video, without waiting for ten minutes.

比特币脚本的脚本结构非常保守，限制了大多数链互动方案。它并非每秒处理数千款付款。但是，现实情况是，即使只是在观看视频时购买游戏皮或给小费，人们也希望比特币可用，而无需等待十分钟。

The Bitcoin main chain is like a highway, while the Lightning Network is akin to a toll fast lane built alongside it. Its core concept stems from a compromise on main chain transaction efficiency: since there is a speed bottleneck in on-chain transactions, the focus is no longer on recording every transaction on-chain, but rather on establishing dedicated 'payment channels' between users for high-frequency bookkeeping, ultimately syncing the state of funds only when the channel is closed. This model is similar to friends settling up after alternating who treats for meals each week—people do not immediately transfer money to the bank after every meal, but rather settle accounts in one go after accumulating several meals. The Lightning Network is essentially a transaction network woven together by thousands of such payment channels.

比特币主链就像一条高速公路一样，而闪电网络类似于与之建造的通行通道。它的核心概念源于对主链交易效率的妥协：由于链接交易中存在速度瓶颈，因此重点不再是记录每笔交易的每笔交易，而是在用户之间建立专用的“付款渠道”以建立高频簿记，最终仅在渠道关闭时才同步资金。该型号类似于朋友在每周享用餐点的交替享用餐点后安顿下来的朋友，每顿饭后，人们不会立即将钱转移到银行，而是在积累了几顿饭后一口气解决。闪电网络本质上是由数千个此类付款渠道编织在一起的交易网络。

However, this seemingly ingenious system exposes multiple dilemmas in practical applications. First is the high threshold for channel construction; users must pre-lock funds to establish a trading channel, which means that to trade with any party, a dedicated channel connection must be established in advance. Second is the complex routing problem; when user A and B lack a direct connection, even if there is an indirect path A-C-B, if the intermediate channel lacks funds or the nodes along the path are unavailable, the transaction will still fail. More severely, there are security risks; the system requires users to remain online to prevent the counterparty from submitting expired transactions for fraud when the channel is closed, which imposes unrealistic operational demands on ordinary users' devices.

但是，这个看似巧妙的系统在实际应用中暴露了多个困境。首先是通道建设的高阈值；用户必须预先建立交易渠道，这意味着要与任何一方进行交易，必须提前建立专用的渠道连接。第二是复杂的路由问题。当用户A和B缺乏直接连接时，即使存在间接路径ACB，中间通道缺乏资金或路径沿途的节点，交易仍然会失败。更严重的是有安全风险；该系统要求用户保持在线状态，以防止交易对手在关闭频道时提交过期的欺诈交易，这对普通用户的设备施加了不切实际的操作需求。

Despite the Lightning Network being operational for many years, these structural flaws have prevented its practical application from breaking through bottlenecks. Public data shows that the total locked amount in the entire Lightning Network currently only maintains around 100 million USD, which is nearly marginalized in relation to the trillion-dollar valuation of the Bitcoin system. This raises deep industry reflections: can we build a more complete off-chain payment protocol to break through the existing predicament?

尽管闪电网络已经运行了很多年，但这些结构性缺陷却阻止了其实际应用破坏瓶颈。公共数据显示，整个闪电网络中的总锁定金额仅维持在约1亿美元，与比特币系统的万亿美元估值有关。这引起了深厚的行业思考：我们可以建立一个更完整的脱链支付协议以突破现有的困境吗？

According to Chain Catcher news on April 15, HSBC disclosed in an official news release that Bitcoin Thunderbolt is the most milestone technical upgrade for Bitcoin in the past decade. The overall observation of Thunderbolt resembles 'Lightning Network 2.0', but it is not just an upgrade; it is more like a reconstruction of the off-chain Bitcoin interaction paradigm.

根据Chain Catcher News在4月15日的报道，汇丰银行在官方新闻稿中透露，比特币Thunderbolt是过去十年中比特币最具里程碑的技术升级。 Thunderbolt的整体观察结果类似于“ Lightning Network 2.0”，但不仅仅是升级；这更像是对链比特币相互作用范式的重建。

Bitcoin Thunderbolt is a soft fork upgrade method based on the Bitcoin base layer. It does not rely on second-layer networks or cross-chain bridge compromises, but instead modifies the protocol level of the Bitcoin main chain, fundamentally enhancing Bitcoin's scalability, transaction performance, and programmability.

比特币Thunderbolt是基于比特币基层的软叉升级方法。它不依赖第二层网络或跨链桥梁的妥协，而是修改比特币主链的协议级别，从根本上增强了比特币的可伸缩性，交易性能和可编程性。

From a performance perspective, Nubit, using UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) Bundling technology, has achieved significant optimization of the traditional Bitcoin transaction processing model. The traditional Bitcoin network, due to its single UTXO model, has clear limitations on transaction speed and throughput. UTXO Bundling allows multiple UTXOs to be aggregated for processing, effectively compressing the transaction data volume, thus enhancing transaction speed by about 10 times without sacrificing security.

从性能的角度来看，使用UTXO（无需交易输出）捆绑技术的Nubit已实现了传统的比特币交易处理模型的显着优化。由于其单个UTXO模型，传统的比特币网络对交易速度和吞吐量有明显的限制。 UTXO捆绑允许将多个UTXO汇总用于处理，从而有效地压缩交易数据量，从而在不牺牲安全性的情况下提高了约10倍的交易速度。

In terms of programmability, Bitcoin Thunderbolt reintroduces and expands the OP_CAT opcode (which was present in early versions of Bitcoin and later removed). OP_CAT allows for data concatenation operations, enabling developers to build more complex script logic, thereby directly implementing smart contracts on the Bitcoin main chain. The most direct benefit of this upgrade is: developers can deploy decentralized applications (dApps) on the native Bitcoin network without relying on side chains, Rollups, or cross-chain bridges.

就可编程性而言，比特币雷电重新引入并扩展了OP_CAT OPCODE（该OPCode（以比特币的早期版本存在，后来删除）。 OP_CAT允许进行数据串联操作，使开发人员能够构建更复杂的脚本逻辑，从而直接在比特币主链上实现智能合约。此升级的最直接好处是：开发人员可以在本机比特币网络上部署分散的应用程序（DAPP），而无需依赖侧链，汇总或跨链桥梁。

In terms of asset protocol integration, Nubit advocates and implements a unified standard called Goldinals. Goldinals provides a framework for asset issuance based on zero-knowledge proofs and state commitments. In simple terms, this is a 'Bitcoin native' token standard that does not rely on external trust institutions and does not require complex cross-chain bridges to verify the existence and status of each token on-chain. BitMM, running on Bitcoin, integrates fragmented protocols such as BRC-20, Runes, and Ordinals. Nubit has also made significant breakthroughs in trustless transactions. Its BitMM (Bitcoin Message Market) system supports users in conducting trustless transaction matching

在资产协议集成方面，Nubit倡导并实现了一个称为金刚原因的统一标准。 Goldines基于零知识证明和国家承诺为资产发行提供了一个框架。简而言之，这是一个“比特币本机”代币标准，它不依赖外部信任机构，并且不需要复杂的跨链桥来验证每个令牌上链的存在和状态。 BitMM在比特币上运行，集成了零散的协议，例如BRC-20，符文和序数。 Nubit在无信任的交易中也取得了重大突破。它的BITMM（比特币消息市场）系统支持用户进行无信任的交易匹配