Pectra Hard Fork：以太坊最重要的升級

此升級有望提高可擴展性，降低交易費用，提高安全性並引入智能帳戶。

Ethereum is set to launch its most significant upgrade yet, Pectra, which is scheduled to go live today at 10:05 AM UTC. The upgrade promises to enhance scalability, lower transaction fees, improve security, and introduce smart accounts. However, developers are on high alert as the first 12 minutes post-upgrade will be crucial to ensure its success.

Ethereum將推出其最重要的升級Pectra，Pectra計劃於今天上午10:05在UTC上線。升級有望提高可擴展性，降低交易費用，提高安全性並引入智能帳戶。但是，開發人員處於高度戒備狀態，因為升級後的前12分鐘對於確保其成功至關重要。

What is the Pectra Upgrade?

Pectra升級是什麼？

Pectra is one of the most significant network improvements for Ethereum, focusing on enhancing scalability, reducing transaction fees, and boosting security. It also aims to introduce smart accounts for a better user experience and streamline validator operations. The upgrade is designed to implement various Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) to make Ethereum more efficient and secure as it continues to grow.

Pectra是以太坊最重要的網絡改進之一，專注於提高可擴展性，降低交易費用和提高安全性。它還旨在向更好的用戶體驗和簡化驗證器操作介紹智能帳戶。該升級旨在實施各種以太坊改進建議（EIPS），以使以太坊隨著其不斷增長而更加有效和安全。

First 12 Minutes Are Critical

前12分鐘很關鍵

The first 12 minutes are critical as they mark the completion of around two epochs, taking about 12.8 minutes. Each epoch consists of 32 slots where validators propose and attest to new blocks. This period is prone to potential issues such as bugs or client failures. Developers are particularly wary, as similar upgrades like Shanghai (2023) and Altair (2021) saw missed blocks and finality issues.

前12分鐘至關重要，因為它們標誌著大約兩個時期的完成，大約需要12.8分鐘。每個時期由32個插槽組成，驗證者提出並證明新塊。這個時期容易出現潛在問題，例如錯誤或客戶端失敗。開發人員特別警惕，因為上海（2023年）和Altair（2021）等類似的升級也發現了錯過的障礙和最終問題。

"It is the 15 minutes after the fork happens that there is sort of like holding your breath," said Nixo, protocol support member at the Ethereum Foundation.

以太坊基金會的協議支持成員尼克斯說：“叉子發生後的15分鐘，就像屏住呼吸一樣。”

Highlighting the importance of these initial moments, Mallesh Pai, senior director at Consensys, added, "We've had 10 years without a liveness failure, and we care deeply about that. We hope to continue that track record."

Consensys的高級總監Mallesh Pai強調了這些初期的重要性，並補充說：“我們已經有10年的時間沒有失敗，我們非常關心這一點。我們希望能夠繼續這一記錄。”

Potential Issues During the Pectra Upgrade

Pectra升級期間的潛在問題

Despite extensive testing, Pectra encountered problems on Ethereum's public testnets. The upgrade failed to finalize properly on Holesky and Sepolia testnets, leading to delays and the creation of a third testnet to resolve issues. Holesky took two weeks to complete due to a specific bug, while Sepolia had issues with execution clients missing transactions due to setup errors.

儘管進行了廣泛的測試，但Pectra還是在以太坊的公共測試網上遇到了問題。該升級未能在Holesky和Sepolia Testnet上正確確定，從而導致延遲和創建第三個測試網絡以解決問題。由於特定的錯誤，Holesky花了兩個星期的時間才能完成，而Sepolia由於設置錯誤而缺少交易的執行客戶存在問題。

These challenges highlight the complexity of Ethereum's infrastructure. Ethereum operates with five consensus clients and five execution clients, creating 25 potential combinations that must work flawlessly together.

這些挑戰突出了以太坊基礎設施的複雜性。以太坊與五個共識客戶和五個執行客戶端運行，創建了25種潛在組合，必須完美地合作。

"There are lots of edge cases, and you need to be sure all 25 combinations can work," Pai cautioned.

Pai警告說：“有很多邊緣案例，您需要確保所有25種組合都可以起作用。”

Developer Fatigue and Future Upgrades

開發人員疲勞和未來升級

The Pectra upgrade has been in development for over a year and a half, leading to fatigue among developers.

Pectra升級已經開發了一年半，導致開發人員的疲勞。

"They are just tired of working on something for a year, a year and a half," Nixo admitted.

尼克索承認：“他們只是厭倦了一年，一年半的工作。”

To prevent burnout and encourage a healthier pace of work, Ethereum plans to introduce more frequent, smaller upgrades. However, some experts warn that speeding up upgrades too much could create additional risks.

為了防止倦怠並鼓勵更健康的工作速度，以太坊計劃引入更頻繁，較小的升級。但是，一些專家警告說，加速升級太多可能會帶來額外的風險。

The next major upgrade after Pectra will be Fusaka, further strengthening Ethereum's protocol.

Pectra之後的下一個重大升級將是Fusaka，進一步加強了以太坊的協議。

Why Ethereum Upgrades Matter

為什麼以太坊升級很重要

Securing over $123 billion in stablecoins and 57% of tokenized real-world assets, these upgrades are crucial for the continuation of Ethereum's protocol dominance.

這些升級對於繼續以太坊的協議優勢至關重要。

"We definitely value people's trust and are not going to muck it up," Pai concluded.

佩伊總結說：“我們肯定會重視人們的信任，並且不會把它弄亂。”

With the Pectra upgrade, Ethereum aims to ensure the network remains scalable, secure, and efficient for its growing user base.

通過Pectra升級，以太坊旨在確保網絡可擴展，安全和有效的用戶群。