Pectra Hard Fork：以太坊最重要的升级

此升级有望提高可扩展性，降低交易费用，提高安全性并引入智能帐户。

Ethereum is set to launch its most significant upgrade yet, Pectra, which is scheduled to go live today at 10:05 AM UTC. The upgrade promises to enhance scalability, lower transaction fees, improve security, and introduce smart accounts. However, developers are on high alert as the first 12 minutes post-upgrade will be crucial to ensure its success.

Ethereum将推出其最重要的升级Pectra，Pectra计划于今天上午10:05在UTC上线。升级有望提高可扩展性，降低交易费用，提高安全性并引入智能帐户。但是，开发人员处于高度戒备状态，因为升级后的前12分钟对于确保其成功至关重要。

What is the Pectra Upgrade?

Pectra升级是什么？

Pectra is one of the most significant network improvements for Ethereum, focusing on enhancing scalability, reducing transaction fees, and boosting security. It also aims to introduce smart accounts for a better user experience and streamline validator operations. The upgrade is designed to implement various Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) to make Ethereum more efficient and secure as it continues to grow.

Pectra是以太坊最重要的网络改进之一，专注于提高可扩展性，降低交易费用和提高安全性。它还旨在向更好的用户体验和简化验证器操作介绍智能帐户。该升级旨在实施各种以太坊改进建议（EIPS），以使以太坊随着其不断增长而更加有效和安全。

First 12 Minutes Are Critical

前12分钟很关键

The first 12 minutes are critical as they mark the completion of around two epochs, taking about 12.8 minutes. Each epoch consists of 32 slots where validators propose and attest to new blocks. This period is prone to potential issues such as bugs or client failures. Developers are particularly wary, as similar upgrades like Shanghai (2023) and Altair (2021) saw missed blocks and finality issues.

前12分钟至关重要，因为它们标志着大约两个时期的完成，大约需要12.8分钟。每个时期由32个插槽组成，验证者提出并证明新块。这个时期容易出现潜在问题，例如错误或客户端失败。开发人员特别警惕，因为上海（2023年）和Altair（2021）等类似的升级也发现了错过的障碍和最终问题。

"It is the 15 minutes after the fork happens that there is sort of like holding your breath," said Nixo, protocol support member at the Ethereum Foundation.

以太坊基金会的协议支持成员尼克斯说：“叉子发生后的15分钟，就像屏住呼吸一样。”

Highlighting the importance of these initial moments, Mallesh Pai, senior director at Consensys, added, "We've had 10 years without a liveness failure, and we care deeply about that. We hope to continue that track record."

Consensys的高级总监Mallesh Pai强调了这些初期的重要性，并补充说：“我们已经有10年的时间没有失败，我们非常关心这一点。我们希望能够继续这一记录。”

Potential Issues During the Pectra Upgrade

Pectra升级期间的潜在问题

Despite extensive testing, Pectra encountered problems on Ethereum's public testnets. The upgrade failed to finalize properly on Holesky and Sepolia testnets, leading to delays and the creation of a third testnet to resolve issues. Holesky took two weeks to complete due to a specific bug, while Sepolia had issues with execution clients missing transactions due to setup errors.

尽管进行了广泛的测试，但Pectra还是在以太坊的公共测试网上遇到了问题。该升级未能在Holesky和Sepolia Testnet上正确确定，从而导致延迟和创建第三个测试网络以解决问题。由于特定的错误，Holesky花了两个星期的时间才能完成，而Sepolia由于设置错误而缺少交易的执行客户存在问题。

These challenges highlight the complexity of Ethereum's infrastructure. Ethereum operates with five consensus clients and five execution clients, creating 25 potential combinations that must work flawlessly together.

这些挑战突出了以太坊基础设施的复杂性。以太坊与五个共识客户和五个执行客户端运行，创建了25种潜在组合，必须完美地合作。

"There are lots of edge cases, and you need to be sure all 25 combinations can work," Pai cautioned.

Pai警告说：“有很多边缘案例，您需要确保所有25种组合都可以起作用。”

Developer Fatigue and Future Upgrades

开发人员疲劳和未来升级

The Pectra upgrade has been in development for over a year and a half, leading to fatigue among developers.

Pectra升级已经开发了一年半，导致开发人员的疲劳。

"They are just tired of working on something for a year, a year and a half," Nixo admitted.

尼克索承认：“他们只是厌倦了一年，一年半的工作。”

To prevent burnout and encourage a healthier pace of work, Ethereum plans to introduce more frequent, smaller upgrades. However, some experts warn that speeding up upgrades too much could create additional risks.

为了防止倦怠并鼓励更健康的工作速度，以太坊计划引入更频繁，较小的升级。但是，一些专家警告说，加速升级太多可能会带来额外的风险。

The next major upgrade after Pectra will be Fusaka, further strengthening Ethereum's protocol.

Pectra之后的下一个重大升级将是Fusaka，进一步加强了以太坊的协议。

Why Ethereum Upgrades Matter

为什么以太坊升级很重要

Securing over $123 billion in stablecoins and 57% of tokenized real-world assets, these upgrades are crucial for the continuation of Ethereum's protocol dominance.

这些升级对于继续以太坊的协议优势至关重要。

"We definitely value people's trust and are not going to muck it up," Pai concluded.

佩伊总结说：“我们肯定会重视人们的信任，并且不会把它弄乱。”

With the Pectra upgrade, Ethereum aims to ensure the network remains scalable, secure, and efficient for its growing user base.

通过Pectra升级，以太坊旨在确保网络可扩展，安全和有效的用户群。