原始：簡化L1

以太坊旨在成為世界賬本：存儲文明資產和記錄的平台，作為金融的基礎層

The article "Simplifying the L1" by Vitalik Buterin, compiled by lenaxin and ChainCatcher, focuses on the importance of protocol simplicity in maintaining the scalability and resilience of Ethereum.

由列納因素和鏈捕手編寫的Vitalik Buterin的文章“簡化了L1”，重點介紹了協議簡單性在保持以太坊的可擴展性和彈性方面的重要性。

While scalability is a crucial aspect, often discussed in terms of Layer 2 (L2) rollups and scaling solutions, simplicity plays a vital role in both scalability and overall system health.

雖然可伸縮性是一個關鍵方面，通常以第2層（L2）的匯總和擴展解決方案進行討論，但簡單性在可擴展性和整體系統健康中都起著至關重要的作用。

The article highlights how Bitcoin's minimal protocol, focusing on coins moving between unspent outputs, forms the core logic of the system, which even a clever high school student can understand. Programmers have also written Bitcoin clients as hobby projects, showcasing the accessibility of the protocol.

本文強調了比特幣的最小協議，重點是在未量輸出之間移動的硬幣，構成了系統的核心邏輯，即使是聰明的高中生也可以理解。程序員還將比特幣客戶端寫為愛好項目，展示了協議的可訪問性。

Simplicity provides a key advantage for a blockchain aiming to become a globally recognized neutral foundational layer, like Bitcoin or Ethereum.

簡單性為區塊鏈旨在成為全球公認的中性基礎層（例如比特幣或以太坊）提供了關鍵優勢。

Historically, Ethereum has often failed to stick to the principle of simplicity in protocol design, partly due to Buterin's own decisions, which has directly led to high research and development costs, frequent security vulnerabilities, and a closed development culture. The root of these problems often lies in the pursuit of short-term gains that have been proven ineffective in practice.

從歷史上看，以太坊經常未能堅持協議設計中簡單性的原則，部分原因是Buterin自己的決定直接導致了高昂的研發成本，頻繁的安全漏洞和封閉的開發文化。這些問題的根源通常在於追求在實踐中被證明無效的短期收益。

This article will explain how Ethereum can achieve a level of protocol simplicity close to that of Bitcoin in the next five years.

本文將解釋以太坊如何在未來五年內實現接近比特幣的協議簡單性。

Simplifying the Consensus Layer

簡化共識層

The new consensus layer proposal (formerly named "Beam Chain") aims to integrate research achievements from the past decade in consensus theory, zero-knowledge proofs (ZK-SNARK), staking economics, and other fields to construct an optimal consensus mechanism for Ethereum aimed at long-term development.

新的共識層提案（以前命名為“光束鏈”）旨在將過去十年的研究成就整合到共識理論，零知識證明（ZK-SNARK），Stakeking Economics和其他領域，以構建針對遠期發展的以太坊的最佳共識機制。

Compared to the existing beacon chain, this proposal features significantly simplified characteristics, specifically reflected in the following aspects:

與現有的信標鏈相比，該提案具有顯著簡化的特徵，特別反映在以下方面：

* It adopts a three-slot finality model (3SF) to simplify the complexity of the common coin and beacon chain synchronization.

*它採用了三槽最終模型（3SF），以簡化公共硬幣和信標鏈同步的複雜性。

* It introduces a new PoS (Proof of Stake) variant named "HyPoS" to combine the advantages of standard PoS and PoS with common coins, aiming for better performance in the Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) setting.

*它引入了一個名為“ hypos”的新POS（股權證明）變體，以將標準POS和POS的優勢與普通硬幣相結合，旨在在拜占庭式容錯（BFT）設置中更好地性能。

* It adopts a modular design pattern, integrating ZK-SNARKs to efficiently verify the execution layer and simplify the consensus layer.

*它採用模塊化設計模式，集成ZK-SNARKS以有效驗證執行層並簡化共識層。

* It simplifies the structure of the state and adopts a binary Merkle tree to improve the efficiency of light clients.

*它簡化了國家的結構，並採用了二進制默克爾樹來提高光線客戶的效率。

* It adopts a more efficient and concise data availability (DAS) sampling technique.

*它採用了一種更有效，更簡潔的數據可用性（DAS）採樣技術。

* It introduces a new type of aggregate signature scheme to reduce the communication overhead and improve throughput.

*它引入了一種新型的匯總簽名方案，以減少溝通開銷並改善吞吐量。

* It adopts a simpler and more efficient slot scheduling algorithm.

*它採用了更簡單，更高效的插槽調度算法。

* It streamlines the handling of slashing conditions and reduces the occurrence of slashing cases.

*它簡化了削減條件的處理，並減少了削減案件的發生。

* It employs a more efficient and easily deployable upgrade mechanism.

*它採用了更有效且易於部署的升級機制。

* It adopts a more flexible and extensible architecture to support future innovations.

*它採用了更靈活，更廣泛的架構來支持未來的創新。

This new consensus layer will provide the underlying foundation for the next stage of Ethereum's development, and its simplicity and efficiency will be crucial in ensuring the long-term scalability, security, and decentralization of the Ethereum ecosystem.

這個新的共識層將為以太坊開發的下一個階段提供基礎，其簡單性和效率對於確保以太坊生態系統的長期可擴展性，安全性和分散性至關重要。

Simplifying the Execution Layer

簡化執行層

The complexity of the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) continues to grow, with many complex designs proving unnecessary (in many cases due to my decision-making errors):

以太坊虛擬機（EVM）的複雜性不斷增長，許多複雜的設計證明了不必要的（在許多情況下，由於我的決策錯誤）：

* A 256-bit virtual machine overly optimized for specific cryptographic algorithms, which have gradually lost importance.

*針對特定加密算法的256位虛擬機過度優化，該算法逐漸失去了重要性。

* Over-designed precompiled contracts for single-use scenarios that are rarely utilized.

*過度設計的預編譯合同，用於很少使用的一次性場景。

* An attempt to patch existing problems in a piecemeal fashion is no longer feasible. Removing the SELFDESTRUCT opcode requires significant effort but yields limited benefits, and recent debates about EOF further highlight the difficulties of making incremental modifications to the virtual machine.

*嘗試以零碎方式修補現有問題的嘗試不再可行。刪除自我毀滅的操作碼需要巨大的努力，但會產生有限的收益，最近關於EOF的辯論進一步強調了對虛擬機進行增量修改的困難。

As an alternative, I recently proposed a more radical transformation path: rather than making medium-scale (but still disruptive) modifications to the EVM for a 1.5x performance boost, it would be better to transition directly to a new and significantly superior virtual machine architecture for a hundredfold performance leap. Similar to The Merge, we aim to reduce the number of disruptive changes while enhancing the strategic value of each change.

作為替代方案，我最近提出了一個更加激進的轉換路徑：以1.5倍的性能提升，而不是對EVM進行中等尺度（但仍然破壞性的）修改，而是直接過渡到新的且顯著的卓越的虛擬機器架構以獲得一百倍性能LEAP。與合併類似，我們旨在減少破壞性變化的數量，同時增強每個變化的戰略價值。

Specifically, I suggest adopting the RISC-V architecture or the virtual machine used by Ethereum's ZK proof programs to replace the existing EVM. This transformation will bring:

具體來說，我建議採用以太坊ZK證明程序使用的RISC-V架構或虛擬機來替換現有的EVM。這種轉變將帶來：

* A significant reduction in the virtual machine's complexity, simplifying the protocol and reducing the occurrence of vulnerabilities.

*虛擬機的複雜性大大降低，簡化了協議並減少了漏洞的發生。

* Improved efficiency and performance, enabling faster transactions and lower gas fees.

*提高了效率和性能，使交易更快並降低了汽油費。

* Enhanced programmability and flexibility, allowing for the development of more advanced and sophisticated dapps.

*增強了可編程性和靈活性，從而可以開發更先進和復雜的DAPP。

* Greater interoperability with other blockchains and ecosystems.

*與其他區塊鍊和生態系統的互操作性更大。

* A more vibrant and active developer community.

*一個更加充滿活力和活躍的開發人員社區。

The main challenge lies in the fact that, unlike the immediately implementable EOF solution, the new virtual machine will take longer to benefit developers. A short

主要的挑戰在於，與立即實施的EOF解決方案不同，新的虛擬機將需要更長的時間才能使開發人員受益。簡短