原始：简化L1

以太坊旨在成为世界账本：存储文明资产和记录的平台，作为金融的基础层

The article "Simplifying the L1" by Vitalik Buterin, compiled by lenaxin and ChainCatcher, focuses on the importance of protocol simplicity in maintaining the scalability and resilience of Ethereum.

由列纳因素和链捕手编写的Vitalik Buterin的文章“简化了L1”，重点介绍了协议简单性在保持以太坊的可扩展性和弹性方面的重要性。

While scalability is a crucial aspect, often discussed in terms of Layer 2 (L2) rollups and scaling solutions, simplicity plays a vital role in both scalability and overall system health.

虽然可伸缩性是一个关键方面，通常以第2层（L2）的汇总和扩展解决方案进行讨论，但简单性在可扩展性和整体系统健康中都起着至关重要的作用。

The article highlights how Bitcoin's minimal protocol, focusing on coins moving between unspent outputs, forms the core logic of the system, which even a clever high school student can understand. Programmers have also written Bitcoin clients as hobby projects, showcasing the accessibility of the protocol.

本文强调了比特币的最小协议，重点是在未量输出之间移动的硬币，构成了系统的核心逻辑，即使是聪明的高中生也可以理解。程序员还将比特币客户端写为爱好项目，展示了协议的可访问性。

Simplicity provides a key advantage for a blockchain aiming to become a globally recognized neutral foundational layer, like Bitcoin or Ethereum.

简单性为区块链旨在成为全球公认的中性基础层（例如比特币或以太坊）提供了关键优势。

Historically, Ethereum has often failed to stick to the principle of simplicity in protocol design, partly due to Buterin's own decisions, which has directly led to high research and development costs, frequent security vulnerabilities, and a closed development culture. The root of these problems often lies in the pursuit of short-term gains that have been proven ineffective in practice.

从历史上看，以太坊经常未能坚持协议设计中简单性的原则，部分原因是Buterin自己的决定直接导致了高昂的研发成本，频繁的安全漏洞和封闭的开发文化。这些问题的根源通常在于追求在实践中被证明无效的短期收益。

This article will explain how Ethereum can achieve a level of protocol simplicity close to that of Bitcoin in the next five years.

本文将解释以太坊如何在未来五年内实现接近比特币的协议简单性。

Simplifying the Consensus Layer

简化共识层

The new consensus layer proposal (formerly named "Beam Chain") aims to integrate research achievements from the past decade in consensus theory, zero-knowledge proofs (ZK-SNARK), staking economics, and other fields to construct an optimal consensus mechanism for Ethereum aimed at long-term development.

新的共识层提案（以前命名为“光束链”）旨在将过去十年的研究成就整合到共识理论，零知识证明（ZK-SNARK），Stakeking Economics和其他领域，以构建针对远期发展的以太坊的最佳共识机制。

Compared to the existing beacon chain, this proposal features significantly simplified characteristics, specifically reflected in the following aspects:

与现有的信标链相比，该提案具有显着简化的特征，特别反映在以下方面：

* It adopts a three-slot finality model (3SF) to simplify the complexity of the common coin and beacon chain synchronization.

*它采用了三槽最终模型（3SF），以简化公共硬币和信标链同步的复杂性。

* It introduces a new PoS (Proof of Stake) variant named "HyPoS" to combine the advantages of standard PoS and PoS with common coins, aiming for better performance in the Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) setting.

*它引入了一个名为“ hypos”的新POS（股权证明）变体，以将标准POS和POS的优势与普通硬币相结合，旨在在拜占庭式容错（BFT）设置中更好地性能。

* It adopts a modular design pattern, integrating ZK-SNARKs to efficiently verify the execution layer and simplify the consensus layer.

*它采用模块化设计模式，集成ZK-SNARKS以有效验证执行层并简化共识层。

* It simplifies the structure of the state and adopts a binary Merkle tree to improve the efficiency of light clients.

*它简化了国家的结构，并采用了二进制默克尔树来提高光线客户的效率。

* It adopts a more efficient and concise data availability (DAS) sampling technique.

*它采用了一种更有效，更简洁的数据可用性（DAS）采样技术。

* It introduces a new type of aggregate signature scheme to reduce the communication overhead and improve throughput.

*它引入了一种新型的汇总签名方案，以减少沟通开销并改善吞吐量。

* It adopts a simpler and more efficient slot scheduling algorithm.

*它采用了更简单，更高效的插槽调度算法。

* It streamlines the handling of slashing conditions and reduces the occurrence of slashing cases.

*它简化了削减条件的处理，并减少了削减案件的发生。

* It employs a more efficient and easily deployable upgrade mechanism.

*它采用了更有效且易于部署的升级机制。

* It adopts a more flexible and extensible architecture to support future innovations.

*它采用了更灵活，更广泛的架构来支持未来的创新。

This new consensus layer will provide the underlying foundation for the next stage of Ethereum's development, and its simplicity and efficiency will be crucial in ensuring the long-term scalability, security, and decentralization of the Ethereum ecosystem.

这个新的共识层将为以太坊开发的下一个阶段提供基础，其简单性和效率对于确保以太坊生态系统的长期可扩展性，安全性和分散性至关重要。

Simplifying the Execution Layer

简化执行层

The complexity of the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) continues to grow, with many complex designs proving unnecessary (in many cases due to my decision-making errors):

以太坊虚拟机（EVM）的复杂性不断增长，许多复杂的设计证明了不必要的（在许多情况下，由于我的决策错误）：

* A 256-bit virtual machine overly optimized for specific cryptographic algorithms, which have gradually lost importance.

*针对特定加密算法的256位虚拟机过度优化，该算法逐渐失去了重要性。

* Over-designed precompiled contracts for single-use scenarios that are rarely utilized.

*过度设计的预编译合同，用于很少使用的一次性场景。

* An attempt to patch existing problems in a piecemeal fashion is no longer feasible. Removing the SELFDESTRUCT opcode requires significant effort but yields limited benefits, and recent debates about EOF further highlight the difficulties of making incremental modifications to the virtual machine.

*尝试以零碎方式修补现有问题的尝试不再可行。删除自我毁灭的操作码需要巨大的努力，但会产生有限的收益，最近关于EOF的辩论进一步强调了对虚拟机进行增量修改的困难。

As an alternative, I recently proposed a more radical transformation path: rather than making medium-scale (but still disruptive) modifications to the EVM for a 1.5x performance boost, it would be better to transition directly to a new and significantly superior virtual machine architecture for a hundredfold performance leap. Similar to The Merge, we aim to reduce the number of disruptive changes while enhancing the strategic value of each change.

作为替代方案，我最近提出了一个更加激进的转换路径：以1.5倍的性能提升，而不是对EVM进行中等尺度（但仍然破坏性的）修改，而是直接过渡到新的且显着的卓越的虚拟机器架构以获得一百倍性能LEAP。与合并类似，我们旨在减少破坏性变化的数量，同时增强每个变化的战略价值。

Specifically, I suggest adopting the RISC-V architecture or the virtual machine used by Ethereum's ZK proof programs to replace the existing EVM. This transformation will bring:

具体来说，我建议采用以太坊ZK证明程序使用的RISC-V架构或虚拟机来替换现有的EVM。这种转变将带来：

* A significant reduction in the virtual machine's complexity, simplifying the protocol and reducing the occurrence of vulnerabilities.

*虚拟机的复杂性大大降低，简化了协议并减少了漏洞的发生。

* Improved efficiency and performance, enabling faster transactions and lower gas fees.

*提高了效率和性能，使交易更快并降低了汽油费。

* Enhanced programmability and flexibility, allowing for the development of more advanced and sophisticated dapps.

*增强了可编程性和灵活性，从而可以开发更先进和复杂的DAPP。

* Greater interoperability with other blockchains and ecosystems.

*与其他区块链和生态系统的互操作性更大。

* A more vibrant and active developer community.

*一个更加充满活力和活跃的开发人员社区。

The main challenge lies in the fact that, unlike the immediately implementable EOF solution, the new virtual machine will take longer to benefit developers. A short

主要的挑战在于，与立即实施的EOF解决方案不同，新的虚拟机将需要更长的时间才能使开发人员受益。简短