What is a Stealth Address?

Stealth addresses enhance privacy in cryptocurrencies like Monero and Zcash by generating a unique address for each transaction, making it hard to trace funds.

Apr 08, 2025 at 02:49 am

A stealth address is a cryptographic technique used in blockchain technology to enhance the privacy and security of transactions. It allows the sender to generate a unique, one-time address for each transaction, making it difficult for outsiders to link multiple transactions to the same recipient. This concept is particularly popular in privacy-focused cryptocurrencies like Monero (XMR) and Zcash (ZEC).

How Does a Stealth Address Work?

The functionality of a stealth address revolves around the use of public key cryptography. When a user wants to receive funds, they generate a view key and a spend key. The view key allows the recipient to see incoming transactions, while the spend key is necessary to spend the received funds.

To initiate a transaction, the sender needs the recipient's public view key and public spend key. The sender then uses these keys to generate a one-time public key, which serves as the stealth address for that specific transaction. This one-time public key is derived through a cryptographic function that ensures it cannot be linked back to the recipient's original public keys.

Upon receiving the transaction, the recipient uses their private view key to scan the blockchain and identify transactions intended for them. Once identified, the recipient can use their private spend key to access and spend the funds.

Benefits of Using Stealth Addresses

Stealth addresses offer several advantages in the realm of cryptocurrency transactions:

• Enhanced Privacy: By using a unique address for each transaction, stealth addresses prevent third parties from tracing the flow of funds to a single recipient. This makes it challenging to build a profile of a user's transaction history.

• Protection Against Address Reuse: Reusing addresses can compromise privacy, as it allows observers to link multiple transactions to the same wallet. Stealth addresses mitigate this risk by ensuring each transaction uses a new address.

• Security: Since the one-time public key is derived from the recipient's public keys, it is computationally infeasible for an attacker to reverse-engineer the original keys from the stealth address.

Implementation in Different Cryptocurrencies

Different cryptocurrencies implement stealth addresses in varying ways, tailored to their specific privacy and security needs.

• Monero (XMR): Monero uses stealth addresses as a core feature of its protocol. Every transaction in Monero uses a unique stealth address, ensuring that the recipient's identity remains hidden. Monero also employs ring signatures and confidential transactions to further enhance privacy.

• Zcash (ZEC): Zcash offers optional stealth addresses through its shielded transactions. Users can choose to use transparent addresses or shielded addresses, which utilize zero-knowledge proofs to provide privacy. When using shielded addresses, Zcash employs stealth addresses to ensure transaction privacy.

How to Use Stealth Addresses

Using stealth addresses involves a few key steps, depending on the cryptocurrency and wallet software you are using. Here is a general guide on how to use stealth addresses with Monero:

• Generate a Monero Wallet: Start by setting up a Monero wallet. You can use software like the official Monero GUI wallet or a hardware wallet that supports Monero.

• Obtain Your Public Keys: Once your wallet is set up, you will have access to your public view key and public spend key. These keys are necessary for others to send you funds using a stealth address.

• Share Your Public Keys: Share your public view key and public spend key with the sender. They will use these keys to generate a one-time public key (stealth address) for the transaction.

• Receive the Transaction: The sender will initiate the transaction using the generated stealth address. Once the transaction is broadcast to the Monero network, it will be recorded on the blockchain.

• Scan the Blockchain: Use your private view key to scan the blockchain and identify transactions intended for you. Your wallet software will automatically perform this task and display the incoming funds.

• Spend the Funds: Once you have identified the incoming transaction, you can use your private spend key to access and spend the funds.

Challenges and Considerations

While stealth addresses offer significant privacy benefits, there are some challenges and considerations to keep in mind:

• Complexity: The use of stealth addresses adds complexity to the transaction process. Users need to understand how to manage their view and spend keys properly to ensure they can access their funds.

• Wallet Compatibility: Not all wallets support stealth addresses. Users need to ensure they are using a wallet that is compatible with the cryptocurrency's implementation of stealth addresses.

• Blockchain Bloat: The use of unique addresses for each transaction can lead to increased blockchain size, as each transaction requires additional data to be stored on the blockchain.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Can stealth addresses be used with any cryptocurrency?

A: Stealth addresses are primarily used with privacy-focused cryptocurrencies like Monero and Zcash. While the concept can be applied to other cryptocurrencies, it requires specific implementation within the protocol and wallet software.

Q: How do stealth addresses affect transaction fees?

A: Stealth addresses can slightly increase transaction fees due to the additional data required to process and store the unique addresses on the blockchain. However, the impact on fees is generally minimal compared to the privacy benefits they provide.

Q: Are stealth addresses completely anonymous?

A: Stealth addresses enhance privacy by making it difficult to link transactions to a single recipient. However, they do not provide complete anonymity on their own. Additional privacy features, such as ring signatures and confidential transactions, are often used in conjunction with stealth addresses to achieve higher levels of anonymity.

Q: Can I reuse a stealth address?

A: No, the primary purpose of a stealth address is to use a unique address for each transaction. Reusing a stealth address would defeat the privacy benefits it provides, as it would allow observers to link multiple transactions to the same recipient.