Aleo的动态碎片和防ZK-Proforms解决了区块链可伸缩性问题

一个人只需要快速进行Google搜索即可查看区块链可伸缩性问题的明显范围，但是这仍然是一个主要问题的观念是不正确的。

One only needs to do a quick Google search to see the apparent extent of the blockchain scalability problem, but the notion that it’s still a major issue is untrue.

只需要快速进行Google搜索即可查看区块链可伸缩性问题的明显范围，但是这仍然是主要问题的观念是不正确的。

In fact, numerous solutions have not only been proposed but also already implemented in real-world scenarios. The fact that scalability continues to be considered an issue is due to the enduring popularity of more established blockchains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin, but many people fail to realize that even these networks have the problem under control.

实际上，已经提出了许多解决方案，而且已经在现实情况下已经实施了。继续认为可伸缩性的事实是由于以太坊和比特币等更具成熟的区块链的持久普及，但许多人没有意识到，即使这些网络也存在控制问题。

Unfortunately, it seems that many people just aren’t aware of the best solutions to blockchain scalability, or they don’t know how to access them, hence the myth that it’s a problem that still needs to be addressed. But with any luck, that will soon change.

不幸的是，似乎许多人只是不了解区块链可扩展性的最佳解决方案，或者他们不知道如何访问它们，因此神话是，这仍然是一个需要解决的问题。但是幸运的是，这很快就会改变。

Why couldn’t blockchains scale?

为什么区块链不能扩展？

Blockchains are decentralized networks that enable users to interact with one another without any central authority. They’re made up of independent nodes that run the blockchain software, with each one having equal rights to every other node in the network. These nodes work together to process transactions and reach agreement on the state of the ledger, using specialized consensus mechanisms.

区块链是分散的网络，使用户能够在没有任何中央权威的情况下相互互动。它们由运行区块链软件的独立节点组成，每个节点都具有网络中其他每个节点的平等权利。这些节点共同使用专门的共识机制来处理交易并达成有关分类帐状态的一致性。

As the popularity of early networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum grew, the scalability of blockchain was indeed a major challenge. As the number of nodes increased and more people started using these networks, they started to experience congestion, and transactions that once took a few seconds would experience delays of minutes, and eventually even hours. It’s not unheard of for some Bitcoin user to wait several days before their transactions are confirmed!

随着比特币和以太坊等早期网络的普及，区块链的可扩展性确实是一个主要挑战。随着节点的数量增加，越来越多的人开始使用这些网络，他们开始遇到拥堵，曾经花了几秒钟的交易将经历延误的时间，甚至几个小时。一些比特币用户要等几天才能确认交易并非闻所未闻！

It’s not difficult to understand why this happens because Bitcoin’s architecture means it can only process around seven transactions per second. That’s pretty poor compared to Visa, which can handle several thousand transactions per second, and it’s easy to see how a backlog can quickly build up when the network is busy.

不难理解为什么会发生这种情况，因为比特币的体系结构意味着它每秒只能处理七笔交易。与Visa相比，这是非常差的，Visa可以处理每秒几千笔交易，而且很容易看出在网络忙碌时积压如何快速积累。

Ethereum is similarly limited, and there are several reasons for this poor performance. One of the main limitations is the processing power of blockchain nodes. In the case of Bitcoin, which utilizes a proof-of-work consensus mechanism where nodes compete to solve increasingly complex mathematical puzzles, the hardware requirements increase progressively over time. Whereas it was once possible to “mine” Bitcoin using a PC, these days it’s necessary to invest in thousands of dollars worth of high-end processors to be able to compete successfully in the race to process transactions. These hardware problems constrain the transaction throughput of nodes and can also impact Ethereum, albeit to a lesser extent. Because each of the nodes must achieve consensus before new blocks are created, this holds back the network.

以太坊也受到同样的限制，这种表现不佳的原因有很多。主要局限性之一是区块链节点的处理能力。在比特币的情况下，该比特币利用了工作证明的共识机制，在该机制中，节点竞争解决日益复杂的数学难题，硬件要求随着时间的推移逐渐增加。尽管曾经有可能使用PC“挖掘”比特币，但如今，有必要投资价值数千美元的高端处理器，以便能够成功竞争处理交易。这些硬件问题限制了节点的交易吞吐量，也可能影响以太坊，尽管程度较小。因为每个节点都必须在创建新块之前达成共识，所以这会阻止网络。

Another key challenge is the limited block size of Bitcoin and Ethereum. In the early days, Bitcoin block sizes were capped at around 1 megabyte, meaning each block could include roughly 2,200 transactions. However, the network’s architecture only supports one new block being added every 10 minutes, creating a bottleneck as the number of transactions increases.

另一个关键挑战是比特币和以太坊的有限大小。在早期，比特币块尺寸限制为约1兆字节，这意味着每个块可能包括大约2200次交易。但是，该网络的体系结构仅支持一次每10分钟添加一个新块，从而随着交易数量的增加而产生瓶颈。

ZK-proofs & sharding

ZK-PROFFORANG＆SHARDING

Scalability is still a problem for Bitcoin and Ethereum, but that’s not really the case on newer blockchains that feature optimized architectures.

可伸缩性仍然是比特币和以太坊的问题，但是在具有优化体系结构的较新区块链上并不是这样。

One of the most impressive solutions comes from Aleo, a confidential Layer-1 network that’s focused on enabling private transactions to encourage institutional adoption. It has implemented a combination of zero-knowledge proofs and a novel sharding technique that dramatically increases the number of private transactions it can process.

最令人印象深刻的解决方案之一来自Aleo，Aleo是一个机密的层网络，其重点是使私人交易能够鼓励机构采用。它已经实施了零知识证明和一种新颖的碎片技术的组合，该技术大大增加了它可以处理的私人交易数量。

With its ZK-proofs, Aleo is enabling blockchain users to send funds privately to any other user by obscuring the wallet addresses of themselves and the recipients, in addition to the amounts sent. As one of the most sophisticated blockchain privacy technologies, ZK-proofs ensure transactions are completely untraceable. But there’s another advantage to ZK-proofs as well, because by masking many of the transaction details, it means there’s less data for the network to process, reducing the computational load. As a result, transactions can be processed faster.

ALEO凭借其ZK-PROFFARES，使区块链用户能够通过掩盖自己和收件人的钱包地址以及发送的金额来私下向任何其他用户发送资金。作为最复杂的区块链隐私技术之一，ZK-PROFFORDS确保交易是完全无法追踪的。但是，对于ZK-Proforms还有另一个优势，因为掩盖了许多交易详细信息，这意味着网络处理的数据较少，减少了计算负载。结果，可以更快地处理交易。

As for sharding, this means dividing up the network into smaller fragments called “shards”, which can be managed by the network more efficiently. In the case of Aleo, this means processing transactions and smart contracts separately, in parallel, to increase the overall throughput. Sharding also provides privacy benefits. Because only one node is responsible for processing certain transactions, the details will not be shared with the rest of the network, only the final outcomes.

至于碎片，这意味着将网络分为称为“碎片”的较小片段，该片段可以更有效地由网络管理。就Aleo而言，这意味着并行处理交易和智能合约以增加总体吞吐量。碎片还提供隐私益处。因为只有一个节点负责处理某些交易，所以详细信息将不会与网络的其余部分共享，而只能与最终结果共享。

Aleo isn’t the only blockchain to employ sharding, but the way it handles things is pretty innovative. It utilizes a number of components, with the most critical one being a dynamic sharding mechanism that allows the size and number of shards to be altered based on the current network load. By dynamically creating and merging shards, Aleo provides more flexibility to support massive transaction volumes when traffic increases, at the cost of using more energy. Then, it can scale down during quieter times to save energy.

Aleo并不是唯一使用碎片的区块链，但是它处理事物的方式具有创新性。它利用了许多组件，其中最关键的是动态碎片机制，该机制允许根据当前的网络负载更改碎片的大小和数量。通过动态创建和合并碎片，Aleo提供了更大的灵活性来支持交通量时，以使用更多的能量为代价。然后，它可以在更安静的时期缩放以节省能源。

Load balancing is also

负载平衡也是