名稱：Yup'ik Spirit面具

它是什麼：從浮木雕刻的裝飾面膜

Yup'ik spirit masks are decorated masks that were carved from driftwood by the Yup'ik people, who arrived in southwestern Alaska around 800 years ago. These masks, which are now part of the collections of museums in North America and Europe, date to at least the 16th century, and one example in the Peabody Museum at Harvard University dates to 1885.

Yup'ik Spirit面具是裝飾的面具，由Yup'ik人民從浮木上雕刻而成，Yup'ik人民大約在800年前到達阿拉斯加西南部。這些面具現在是北美和歐洲博物館收藏的一部分，至少可以追溯到至少16世紀，而哈佛大學的皮博迪博物館的一個例子可以追溯到1885年。

These masks varied dramatically in size and shape, anthropologist Dorothy Jean Ray wrote in her 1967 book "Eskimo Masks: Art and Ceremony," (University of Seattle Press) with some as small as 6 inches (15 centimeters) and others up to 4 feet (1.2 meters) long. They were traditionally carved from spruce driftwood found along the coast, with natural fibers added for movement — undulating feathers of the sea duck, rawhide or baleen for appendages, or human or caribou hair blowing in the wind. Color was added from natural pigments, such as white fingerprint dots created from white clay.

人類學家多蘿西·讓·雷（Dorothy Jean Ray）在1967年的著作《愛斯基摩面具：藝術和儀式》（西雅圖大學出版社）中寫道，這些面具的大小和形狀差異很大。傳統上，它們是從沿海地區發現的雲杉浮木雕刻而來的，添加了天然纖維以進行運動 - 海鴨，生皮或baleen的羽毛起伏，或者是人類或馴鹿在風中吹來的羽毛。顏色是從天然顏料中添加的，例如由白色粘土產生的白色指紋點。

The first historic reference to Yup'ik masks was in a Russian traveler's diary written between 1764 and 1766, in which the man described the Yup'ik dancing in the nude while wearing masks.

對Yup'ik面具的第一個歷史引用是在1764年至1766年之間寫的俄羅斯旅行者日記中，該男子在戴著口罩時描述了Yup'ik在裸體中跳舞。

Masks were an essential part of Yup'ik religious practice, and no two were alike. Typically, the Yup'ik shaman would commission a skilled carver to create a mask based on a dream or vision. Villagers then wore these masks during dances and festivals, such as whaling and caribou ceremonies connected to hunting practices.

面具是Yup'ik宗教實踐的重要組成部分，沒有兩個人相同。通常，Yup'ik Shaman會委託熟練的雕刻師根據夢想或願景創建面具。然後，村民在舞蹈和節日期間戴著這些口罩，例如捕鯨和馴鹿儀式與狩獵習俗有關。

Each mask represented a particular spirit and was a part of a larger story woven by the shaman, who was the interpreter of the world's unknown forces. Human-face-like masks were often used to represent other mythological beings; an upturned mouth represented male beings, while a downturned mouth represented female beings.

每個面具都代表著一種特定的精神，是薩滿巫師編織的更大故事的一部分，薩滿是世界未知力量的解釋者。類似人臉的面具通常被用來代表其他神話生物。嘴巴上的嘴巴代表了男性，而衰老的嘴巴則代表了女性生物。

— Ancient Egyptian 'granary with scribes' diorama: A miniature workplace found buried in a tomb from the Middle Kingdom

- 古埃及的“帶文士的糧倉”西洋鏡：一個埋在中間王國墓中的微型工作場所

— Thule snow goggles: 1,000-year-old Arctic eyewear carved from walrus tusks

- Thule Snow Goggles：1,000年曆史的北極眼鏡從Walrus Tusks雕刻

— Dolní Věstonice Portrait Head: The oldest known human portrait in the world

- 下VěStonice肖像頭：世界上最古老的人類肖像

By the late 1700s, Russian priests and missionaries reportedly destroyed as many Yup'ik masks as they could find in their zeal to convert the Indigenous people to Christianity. Some masks survived, only to be collected by American naturalist Edward W. Nelson beginning in 1877 and shipped to museums in North America and Europe.

據報導，到1700年代後期，俄羅斯神父和傳教士摧毀了盡可能多的Yup'ik面具，他們在熱情中發現了將土著人民轉變為基督教。一些口罩倖存下來，只是由美國自然主義者愛德華·W·尼爾森（Edward W. Nelson）收集，從1877年開始，並運送到北美和歐洲的博物館。

It is unclear how old the practice of Yup'ik mask making is, as the custom following their use in a ceremony was to dispose of the masks in the tundra or burn them, according to Yup'ik culture bearers. But archaeologists found evidence of masks dating to the 16th century at a prehistoric site in the village of Quinhagak near the Bering Sea.

尚不清楚Yup'ik面具製作的實踐是多大的，因為根據Yup'ik文化的承載者說，在儀式上使用後的習俗是在苔原中處置面具或燃燒它們。但是考古學家發現，在白令海附近的昆哈加克村的一個史前遺址上發現了可追溯到16世紀的面具的證據。

Although Yup'ik mask making was demonized by missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries, the practice is being revitalized today as local community members reclaim their precolonial practices.

儘管Yup'ik面具製作在17世紀和18世紀被傳教士妖魔化，但隨著當地社區成員恢復其先例的做法，這種做法正在振興。