Vitalik Buterin 的效率比：ZK-FHE 性能的新標準

Vitalik Buterin 提出了一個“效率比”來更好地衡量 ZK 和 FHE 的性能，引發了爭論並旨在實現更清晰的加密貨幣開發。

Vitalik Buterin's Efficiency Ratio: A New Standard for ZK-FHE Performance

Vitalik Buterin 的效率比：ZK-FHE 性能的新標準

Ethereum's Vitalik Buterin is shaking things up in the crypto world again, this time with a call for a new way to measure the performance of zero-knowledge proofs (ZK) and fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). His proposal centers around an "efficiency ratio," aiming to provide a clearer picture of cryptographic performance. Let's dive into what this means and why it matters.

以太坊的 Vitalik Buterin 再次震撼了加密世界，這一次他呼籲採用一種新方法來衡量零知識證明（ZK）和全同態加密（FHE）的性能。他的提議以“效率比”為中心，旨在提供更清晰的加密性能圖。讓我們深入了解這意味著什麼以及為什麼它很重要。

The Problem with Operations Per Second

每秒運算次數的問題

For too long, ZK and FHE systems have been benchmarked using "operations per second." But Buterin argues this metric lacks real-world relevance. It doesn't tell developers how encryption affects the actual speed of their applications. Imagine knowing a car can do 'N' rotations per minute—sounds impressive, but what does it mean for your commute?

長期以來，ZK 和 FHE 系統一直使用“每秒操作數”進行基準測試。但 Buterin 認為這個指標缺乏現實世界的相關性。它沒有告訴開發人員加密如何影響其應用程序的實際速度。想像一下，知道一輛汽車每分鐘可以旋轉“N”圈——聽起來令人印象深刻，但這對您的通勤意味著什麼？

Enter the Efficiency Ratio (Kappa)

輸入效率比 (Kappa)

Buterin's solution? An "efficiency ratio," or kappa as crypto analyst Wei Dai calls it. This ratio compares the time it takes to perform a computation with encryption versus the time it takes without it. So, if a task takes one second normally but 50 seconds with encryption, the efficiency ratio is 50. Simple, right?

Buterin 的解決方案？加密貨幣分析師 Wei Dai 稱之為“效率比”或 kappa。該比率將使用加密執行計算所需的時間與不使用加密執行計算所需的時間進行比較。所以，如果一個任務正常需要 1 秒，而加密需要 50 秒，那麼效率比就是 50。很簡單，對吧？

Why This Ratio Matters

為什麼這個比率很重要

• Less Hardware Dependency: It's a relative measure, not an absolute speed, making it less reliant on specific hardware configurations.
• Developer-Friendly: Developers already know how long their raw computations take, making it easier to predict cryptographic performance.
• Trade-off Transparency: It clearly shows the efficiency cost of using cryptographically secured systems.

FHE's Evolution: From Sluggish to Speedy

FHE的演變：從緩慢到快速

Historically, FHE was notoriously slow. But recent advancements are changing the game. Companies like Zama have achieved significant speed gains, with some schemes now running hundreds of transactions per second. And hardware innovations, like GPUs, promise even greater improvements.

從歷史上看，FHE 的速度是出了名的慢。但最近的進步正在改變遊戲規則。像 Zama 這樣的公司已經取得了顯著的速度提升，一些方案現在每秒運行數百筆交易。 GPU 等硬件創新有望帶來更大的改進。

ZK Proofs: Making Strides Too

ZK 證明：也取得了長足進步

Zero-knowledge proof systems are also making impressive progress. Platforms like Libra and zkVMs like SP1 are achieving near-linear scaling, with some cryptographic overhead as low as 20% compared to trusted execution for large workloads.

零知識證明系統也取得了令人矚目的進展。 Libra 等平台和 SP1 等 zkVM 正在實現近線性擴展，與大型工作負載的可信執行相比，一些加密開銷低至 20%。

The Discussion Heats Up

討論升溫

Buterin's proposal has sparked lively discussions within the cryptography community. Lukas Helminger raised questions about applying ratios in FHE/MPC contexts, where network assumptions can complicate comparisons. Buterin clarified that FHE is primarily single-party, simplifying benchmarks, except for input transmission and optional threshold decryption.

Buterin 的提議引發了密碼學界的熱烈討論。 Lukas Helminger 提出了有關在 FHE/MPC 環境中應用比率的問題，其中網絡假設可能會使比較複雜化。 Buterin 澄清說，FHE 主要是單方的，簡化了基準測試，除了輸入傳輸和可選的閾值解密。

My Two Satoshis

我的兩個中本聰

I think Buterin is onto something big here. This efficiency ratio isn't just about numbers; it's about clarity and practicality. It empowers developers to make informed decisions and optimize their applications for real-world performance. It's about time we moved beyond abstract metrics and focused on what truly matters: efficient, secure, and scalable cryptographic solutions.

我認為 Buterin 正在做一些大事。這個效率比不僅僅與數字有關，而且與數字有關。這是關於清晰度和實用性的。它使開發人員能夠做出明智的決策並優化其應用程序以實現實際性能。現在是我們超越抽象指標並專注於真正重要的事情的時候了：高效、安全和可擴展的加密解決方案。

Looking Ahead

展望未來

Ultimately, Buterin's call for clearer metrics is a push towards more realistic and useful cryptographic performance assessments. As these systems evolve rapidly, this change could lead to greater transparency and accelerate the development of scalable cryptographic applications.

最終，Buterin 呼籲更清晰的指標，以推動更現實、更有用的加密性能評估。隨著這些系統的快速發展，這種變化可能會帶來更大的透明度並加速可擴展的加密應用程序的開發。

So, the next time you hear about ZK-FHE performance, remember the efficiency ratio. It might just be the key to unlocking the full potential of cryptographic technologies. And who knows, maybe one day we'll all be bragging about our single-digit kappa scores. Until then, keep building, keep innovating, and keep those ratios in check!

因此，下次當您聽說 ZK-FHE 性能時，請記住效率比。它可能是釋放密碼技術全部潛力的關鍵。誰知道呢，也許有一天我們都會吹噓我們單位數的 kappa 分數。在那之前，繼續建設，繼續創新，並控制這些比率！