簡化L1

曾幾何時，比特幣使我們驚訝 - 該協議甚至高中生都可以理解可以支持全球分散金融體系的運作。

The goal of Ethereum is to become the world's ledger—a platform that carries civilization's assets and records, and supports the underlying protocol of key infrastructure such as finance, governance, and high-value data authentication. To achieve this vision, two core capabilities must be taken into account: scalability and resilience.

以太坊的目的是成為世界賬本 - 一個具有文明資產和記錄的平台，並支持關鍵基礎設施的基本協議，例如財務，治理和高價值數據身份驗證。為了實現這一願景，必須考慮兩個核心功能：可伸縮性和彈性。

Among them, scalability is related to throughput, L2 technology, and the expansion of data space. The Fusaka hard fork will bring a 10-fold increase in L2 data space, and the 2026 roadmap also plans to make similar expansions to L1.

其中，可伸縮性與吞吐量，L2技術和數據空間的擴展有關。 Fusaka硬叉將帶來L2數據空間的10倍，而2026年路線圖還計劃與L1進行類似的擴展。

At the same time, Merge has switched Ethereum to PoS consensus, client diversity has rapidly improved, ZK verifiability and quantum attack resistance research have continued to advance, and the application layer has become more powerful.

同時，Merge已將以太坊切換為POS共識，客戶多樣性迅速提高，ZK可驗證性和量子攻擊抗性研究繼續前進，並且應用層變得更加強大。

However, in addition to expansion and performance, there is another easily overlooked but equally important foundation for resilience, which is the simplicity of the protocol.

但是，除了擴展和性能外，還有另一個容易被忽視但同樣重要的彈性基礎，這是協議的簡單性。

The simplicity of Bitcoin

比特幣的簡單性

When talking about simplicity, it's impossible to avoid mentioning Bitcoin. The simplicity of Bitcoin's protocol is amazing:

在談論簡單性時，不可能避免提及比特幣。比特幣協議的簡單性令人驚訝：

The blockchain consists of a string of blocks;

區塊鏈由一串塊組成；

Each block is linked to the previous block via a hash;

每個塊通過哈希鏈接到上一個塊；

The block is verified by PoW, that is, checking whether the first few bits of its hash are 0;

該塊由POW驗證，即檢查其哈希的前幾個位是否為0；

Each block contains transactions, which consume coins generated by mining or previous transactions.

每個塊包含交易，這些交易消耗了通過採礦或以前的交易產生的硬幣。

A high school student who knows code can fully understand how the Bitcoin protocol works, and a programmer can even implement a client on his own as a side project. This simplicity brings the following benefits:

一位知道代碼的高中生可以完全了解比特幣協議的工作原理，甚至可以自行實施客戶作為附帶項目的客戶。這種簡單帶來了以下好處：

It is easier to be widely understood, lowers the threshold for research and development, and prevents it from being dominated by "technocrats";

更容易被廣泛理解，降低研發的閾值，並防止它被“技術官僚”主導。

Reduce the cost of developing new clients, validators, tools, and other interface infrastructure;

降低開發新客戶，驗證者，工具和其他接口基礎架構的成本；

Reduce the complexity of long-term maintenance;

降低長期維護的複雜性；

Reduce the risk of major security vulnerabilities and make it easier to verify the correctness of the protocol;

降低重大安全漏洞的風險，並使驗證協議的正確性變得更容易；

Reduce the social attack surface that can be manipulated by special interests.

減少可以通過特殊利益來操縱的社會攻擊表面。

Together, these benefits are crucial for decentralization. If a protocol is understood and maintained by only a small number of people, or if it is difficult to use and modify, then it will be difficult to decentralize.

這些好處對分散化至關重要。如果僅由少數人理解和維護協議，或者很難使用和修改協議，那麼很難分散。

Why is Ethereum becoming more complex?

為什麼以太坊變得越來越複雜？

Compared with Bitcoin, Ethereum is undoubtedly more complex, with a more complex virtual machine, a different consensus mechanism, and layers of pre-compiled contracts, data structures, and gas mechanisms.

與比特幣相比，以太坊無疑更複雜，具有更複雜的虛擬機，不同的共識機制以及預編譯合同，數據結構和氣體機制的層。

There are several reasons for this complexity:

這種複雜性有多種原因：

1. Historical burden: Ethereum started with a simpler design, but as it developed, it encountered various problems and patched them up one by one, leading to the accumulation of complexity. For example, the early version of Ethereum did not have a clear L1/L2 division, and later encountered scalability problems, so it began to develop L2 technology.

1。歷史負擔：以太坊始於更簡單的設計，但是隨著它的發展，它遇到了各種問題，並將它們一個接一個地修補，從而導致複雜性的積累。例如，以太坊的早期版本沒有明確的L1/L2部門，後來遇到了可擴展性問題，因此它開始開發L2技術。

2. Pursuit of performance and functionality: In order to improve performance and introduce new functionality, such as ZK proofs and quantum resistance, the protocol design needs to be adjusted, which will inevitably increase complexity.

2。追求性能和功能：為了提高性能並引入新功能，例如ZK證明和量子電阻，需要調整協議設計，這將不可避免地提高複雜性。

3. Emphasis on programmability: Ethereum aims to be a programmable blockchain, providing a virtual machine and smart contract system for developers to build applications. This programmability requires more complex protocol designs to support.

3。強調可編程性：以太坊的目標是成為可編程區塊鏈，為開發人員提供虛擬機和智能合同系統來構建應用程序。這種可編程性需要更複雜的協議設計來支持。

However, although there are客观上存在的一些原因, we should not ignore the subjective factors that led to this outcome. In the past few years, there has been a lack of urgency and initiative to simplify Ethereum, which has led to the accumulation of technical debt and a decline in maintainability.

但是，儘管有客觀上存在的一些原因，但我們不應忽略導致這一結果的主觀因素。在過去的幾年中，缺乏簡化以太坊的緊迫性和主動性，這導致了技術債務的積累和可維護性的下降。

The importance of simplicity

簡單的重要性

In the long run, the simplicity of the protocol is more conducive to decentralization, security, and upgradeability.

從長遠來看，協議的簡單性更有利於權力下放，安全性和升級性。

A simple protocol is easier to understand and analyze, which can help more people participate in auditing and security research. A complex protocol is more likely to contain undiscovered vulnerabilities, which can be exploited by attackers.

一個簡單的協議更容易理解和分析，這可以幫助更多的人參與審計和安全研究。複雜的協議更有可能包含未發現的漏洞，攻擊者可以利用這些漏洞。

Moreover, a simple protocol is easier to maintain and upgrade. If the protocol is too complex, it will be difficult to modify and adjust it when encountering new problems or opportunities.

此外，簡單的協議更容易維護和升級。如果協議太複雜，則在遇到新問題或機會時很難修改和調整。

Finally, a simple protocol is less likely to be subject to social manipulation. If a protocol is only understood and controlled by a small group of people, it will be easier for them to exert influence and make decisions according to their own interests.

最後，一個簡單的協議不太可能受到社會操縱。如果僅由一小部分人理解和控制協議，那麼他們就可以根據自己的利益發揮影響力並做出決定。

How to simplify Ethereum

如何簡化以太坊

In the next five years, Ethereum has the potential to become almost as simple as Bitcoin, and we can start from two levels: the consensus layer and the execution layer.

在接下來的五年中，以太坊有可能變得像比特幣一樣簡單，我們可以從兩個級別開始：共識層和執行層。

1. Simplify the consensus layer

1。簡化共識層

The new consensus mechanism of the future (formerly known as the beam chain) combines the deep accumulation of consensus theory, ZK-SNARK, staking economics, etc. in the past decade. Its goal is to build a long-term optimal and significantly simplified consensus layer. Key initiatives include:

在過去的十年中，未來的新共識機制（以前稱為梁鏈）結合了共識理論，ZK-SNARK，Staking Economics等的深層積累。它的目標是建立一個長期最佳且顯著簡化的共識層。主要舉措包括：

3-slot final

三槽決賽