简化L1

曾几何时，比特币使我们惊讶 - 该协议甚至高中生都可以理解可以支持全球分散金融体系的运作。

The goal of Ethereum is to become the world's ledger—a platform that carries civilization's assets and records, and supports the underlying protocol of key infrastructure such as finance, governance, and high-value data authentication. To achieve this vision, two core capabilities must be taken into account: scalability and resilience.

以太坊的目的是成为世界账本 - 一个具有文明资产和记录的平台，并支持关键基础设施的基本协议，例如财务，治理和高价值数据身份验证。为了实现这一愿景，必须考虑两个核心功能：可伸缩性和弹性。

Among them, scalability is related to throughput, L2 technology, and the expansion of data space. The Fusaka hard fork will bring a 10-fold increase in L2 data space, and the 2026 roadmap also plans to make similar expansions to L1.

其中，可伸缩性与吞吐量，L2技术和数据空间的扩展有关。 Fusaka硬叉将带来L2数据空间的10倍，而2026年路线图还计划与L1进行类似的扩展。

At the same time, Merge has switched Ethereum to PoS consensus, client diversity has rapidly improved, ZK verifiability and quantum attack resistance research have continued to advance, and the application layer has become more powerful.

同时，Merge已将以太坊切换为POS共识，客户多样性迅速提高，ZK可验证性和量子攻击抗性研究继续前进，并且应用层变得更加强大。

However, in addition to expansion and performance, there is another easily overlooked but equally important foundation for resilience, which is the simplicity of the protocol.

但是，除了扩展和性能外，还有另一个容易被忽视但同样重要的弹性基础，这是协议的简单性。

The simplicity of Bitcoin

比特币的简单性

When talking about simplicity, it's impossible to avoid mentioning Bitcoin. The simplicity of Bitcoin's protocol is amazing:

在谈论简单性时，不可能避免提及比特币。比特币协议的简单性令人惊讶：

The blockchain consists of a string of blocks;

区块链由一串块组成；

Each block is linked to the previous block via a hash;

每个块通过哈希链接到上一个块；

The block is verified by PoW, that is, checking whether the first few bits of its hash are 0;

该块由POW验证，即检查其哈希的前几个位是否为0；

Each block contains transactions, which consume coins generated by mining or previous transactions.

每个块包含交易，这些交易消耗了通过采矿或以前的交易产生的硬币。

A high school student who knows code can fully understand how the Bitcoin protocol works, and a programmer can even implement a client on his own as a side project. This simplicity brings the following benefits:

一位知道代码的高中生可以完全了解比特币协议的工作原理，甚至可以自行实施客户作为附带项目的客户。这种简单带来了以下好处：

It is easier to be widely understood, lowers the threshold for research and development, and prevents it from being dominated by "technocrats";

更容易被广泛理解，降低研发的阈值，并防止它被“技术官僚”主导。

Reduce the cost of developing new clients, validators, tools, and other interface infrastructure;

降低开发新客户，验证者，工具和其他接口基础架构的成本；

Reduce the complexity of long-term maintenance;

降低长期维护的复杂性；

Reduce the risk of major security vulnerabilities and make it easier to verify the correctness of the protocol;

降低重大安全漏洞的风险，并使验证协议的正确性变得更容易；

Reduce the social attack surface that can be manipulated by special interests.

减少可以通过特殊利益来操纵的社会攻击表面。

Together, these benefits are crucial for decentralization. If a protocol is understood and maintained by only a small number of people, or if it is difficult to use and modify, then it will be difficult to decentralize.

这些好处对分散化至关重要。如果仅由少数人理解和维护协议，或者很难使用和修改协议，那么很难分散。

Why is Ethereum becoming more complex?

为什么以太坊变得越来越复杂？

Compared with Bitcoin, Ethereum is undoubtedly more complex, with a more complex virtual machine, a different consensus mechanism, and layers of pre-compiled contracts, data structures, and gas mechanisms.

与比特币相比，以太坊无疑更复杂，具有更复杂的虚拟机，不同的共识机制以及预编译合同，数据结构和气体机制的层。

There are several reasons for this complexity:

这种复杂性有多种原因：

1. Historical burden: Ethereum started with a simpler design, but as it developed, it encountered various problems and patched them up one by one, leading to the accumulation of complexity. For example, the early version of Ethereum did not have a clear L1/L2 division, and later encountered scalability problems, so it began to develop L2 technology.

1。历史负担：以太坊始于更简单的设计，但是随着它的发展，它遇到了各种问题，并将它们一个接一个地修补，从而导致复杂性的积累。例如，以太坊的早期版本没有明确的L1/L2部门，后来遇到了可扩展性问题，因此它开始开发L2技术。

2. Pursuit of performance and functionality: In order to improve performance and introduce new functionality, such as ZK proofs and quantum resistance, the protocol design needs to be adjusted, which will inevitably increase complexity.

2。追求性能和功能：为了提高性能并引入新功能，例如ZK证明和量子电阻，需要调整协议设计，这将不可避免地提高复杂性。

3. Emphasis on programmability: Ethereum aims to be a programmable blockchain, providing a virtual machine and smart contract system for developers to build applications. This programmability requires more complex protocol designs to support.

3。强调可编程性：以太坊的目标是成为可编程区块链，为开发人员提供虚拟机和智能合同系统来构建应用程序。这种可编程性需要更复杂的协议设计来支持。

However, although there are客观上存在的一些原因, we should not ignore the subjective factors that led to this outcome. In the past few years, there has been a lack of urgency and initiative to simplify Ethereum, which has led to the accumulation of technical debt and a decline in maintainability.

但是，尽管有客观上存在的一些原因，但我们不应忽略导致这一结果的主观因素。在过去的几年中，缺乏简化以太坊的紧迫性和主动性，这导致了技术债务的积累和可维护性的下降。

The importance of simplicity

简单的重要性

In the long run, the simplicity of the protocol is more conducive to decentralization, security, and upgradeability.

从长远来看，协议的简单性更有利于权力下放，安全性和升级性。

A simple protocol is easier to understand and analyze, which can help more people participate in auditing and security research. A complex protocol is more likely to contain undiscovered vulnerabilities, which can be exploited by attackers.

一个简单的协议更容易理解和分析，这可以帮助更多的人参与审计和安全研究。复杂的协议更有可能包含未发现的漏洞，攻击者可以利用这些漏洞。

Moreover, a simple protocol is easier to maintain and upgrade. If the protocol is too complex, it will be difficult to modify and adjust it when encountering new problems or opportunities.

此外，简单的协议更容易维护和升级。如果协议太复杂，则在遇到新问题或机会时很难修改和调整。

Finally, a simple protocol is less likely to be subject to social manipulation. If a protocol is only understood and controlled by a small group of people, it will be easier for them to exert influence and make decisions according to their own interests.

最后，一个简单的协议不太可能受到社会操纵。如果仅由一小部分人理解和控制协议，那么他们就可以根据自己的利益发挥影响力并做出决定。

How to simplify Ethereum

如何简化以太坊

In the next five years, Ethereum has the potential to become almost as simple as Bitcoin, and we can start from two levels: the consensus layer and the execution layer.

在接下来的五年中，以太坊有可能变得像比特币一样简单，我们可以从两个级别开始：共识层和执行层。

1. Simplify the consensus layer

1。简化共识层

The new consensus mechanism of the future (formerly known as the beam chain) combines the deep accumulation of consensus theory, ZK-SNARK, staking economics, etc. in the past decade. Its goal is to build a long-term optimal and significantly simplified consensus layer. Key initiatives include:

在过去的十年中，未来的新共识机制（以前称为梁链）结合了共识理论，ZK-SNARK，Staking Economics等的深层积累。它的目标是建立一个长期最佳且显着简化的共识层。主要举措包括：

3-slot final

三槽决赛