UTXO 的本質

比特幣 (BTC)、萊特幣 (LTC) 和比特幣現金 (BCH) 等加密貨幣使用未花費交易輸出 (UTXO) 模型來保留完整的記錄

Unspent transaction outputs (UTXOs) are used in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC), Litecoin (LTC), and Bitcoin Cash (BCH) to maintain a complete record of all transactions in their blockchains. The protocol offers a useful technique to monitor token ownership across numerous addresses while maintaining privacy.

未花費的交易輸出 (UTXO) 用於比特幣 (BTC)、萊特幣 (LTC) 和比特幣現金 (BCH) 等加密貨幣，以維護其區塊鏈中所有交易的完整記錄。該協議提供了一種有用的技術來監控多個地址的代幣所有權，同時維護隱私。

Following a transaction, UTXOs record the quantity of cryptocurrencies or digital assets left in an address. It is essentially comparable to the “change” received after making a purchase if the amount paid is greater than the total due.

交易完成後，UTXO 會記錄地址中剩餘的加密貨幣或數位資產的數量。如果支付的金額大於應付總額，它本質上相當於購買後收到的「零錢」。

For instance:

例如：

A UTXO for the whole 1 BTC in an address is sent to the recipient when that address intends to send 0.5 BTC. The sender receives a 0.5 BTC “change” back since this is more than the intended amount. The sender now has a UTXO valued 0.5 BTC.

當某個位址打算發送 0.5 BTC 時，該位址中全部 1 BTC 的 UTXO 就會傳送給接收者。發送者收到 0.5 BTC 的“找零”，因為這超出了預期的金額。發送者現在擁有價值 0.5 BTC 的 UTXO。

Coin selection is used throughout the process by the model. This procedure locates the UTXO inputs for on-chain transactions.

模型在整個過程中都會使用硬幣選擇。此過程定位鏈上交易的 UTXO 輸入。

The technique used by account-based ledgers like Ethereum differs from UTXOs. A bookkeeping procedure is used by account-based ledgers as opposed to UTXOs. This technique monitors users’ debits and credits in a digital ledger, much like how regular accounting journals operate.

以太坊等基於帳戶的帳本所使用的技術與 UTXO 不同。基於帳戶的分類帳使用簿記程序，而不是 UTXO。這項技術監控使用者在數位分類帳中的借方和貸方，就像常規會計日記帳的運作方​​式一樣。

Coin Selection and MACS Application

硬幣選擇和 MACS 應用

The coin selection procedure presents continuous problems for UTXOs. According to the Cardano Foundation, this pain point for users is brought on by the large digital footprint. The issue is made worse by the varying software capabilities of different wallets. As a result, the group produced a research paper titled “MACS: A Multi-Asset Coin Selection Algorithm for UTxO-based Blockchains” to look into a solution for the root problem.

硬幣選擇過程為 UTXO 帶來了持續的問題。根據卡爾達諾基金會的說法，用戶的這個痛點是由龐大的數位足跡帶來的。不同錢包的軟體功能不同，這個問題變得更糟。因此，該小組發表了一篇題為「MACS：基於 UTxO 的區塊鏈的多資產代幣選擇演算法」的研究論文，以研究根本問題的解決方案。

The Multi-Asset Coin Selection (MACS) proposed by the Cardano Foundation concentrates on the following essential aspects:

卡爾達諾基金會提出的多元資產代幣選擇（MACS）集中在以下幾個基本面向：

Insights Gathered by the Cardano Foundation

卡爾達諾基金會收集的見解

The MACS technique was found to be “promising behavior” by the Cardano Foundation in comparison to other algorithms. The findings, however, point to the necessity for further in-depth investigation and real-world application of the concept to optimize its configuration.

卡爾達諾基金會認為，與其他演算法相比，MACS 技術是「有前途的行為」。然而，研究結果表明有必要進一步深入研究和實際應用該概念以優化其配置。

The Swiss group came to the conclusion that MACS has a good potential to optimize transactions for lower cost, faster speed, and greater privacy on a UTXO-based blockchain. It was noted that all of these might ultimately improve the user experience.

該瑞士集團得出的結論是，MACS 在優化基於 UTXO 的區塊鏈上的交易以實現更低的成本、更快的速度和更大的隱私方面具有巨大的潛力。值得注意的是，所有這些最終都可能改善用戶體驗。