UTXO 的本质

比特币 (BTC)、莱特币 (LTC) 和比特币现金 (BCH) 等加密货币使用未花费交易输出 (UTXO) 模型来保留完整的记录

Unspent transaction outputs (UTXOs) are used in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC), Litecoin (LTC), and Bitcoin Cash (BCH) to maintain a complete record of all transactions in their blockchains. The protocol offers a useful technique to monitor token ownership across numerous addresses while maintaining privacy.

未花费的交易输出 (UTXO) 用于比特币 (BTC)、莱特币 (LTC) 和比特币现金 (BCH) 等加密货币，以维护其区块链中所有交易的完整记录。该协议提供了一种有用的技术来监控多个地址的代币所有权，同时维护隐私。

Following a transaction, UTXOs record the quantity of cryptocurrencies or digital assets left in an address. It is essentially comparable to the “change” received after making a purchase if the amount paid is greater than the total due.

交易完成后，UTXO 会记录地址中剩余的加密货币或数字资产的数量。如果支付的金额大于应付总额，它本质上相当于购买后收到的“找零”。

For instance:

例如：

A UTXO for the whole 1 BTC in an address is sent to the recipient when that address intends to send 0.5 BTC. The sender receives a 0.5 BTC “change” back since this is more than the intended amount. The sender now has a UTXO valued 0.5 BTC.

当某个地址打算发送 0.5 BTC 时，该地址中全部 1 BTC 的 UTXO 就会发送给接收者。发送者收到 0.5 BTC 的“找零”，因为这超出了预期的金额。发送者现在拥有价值 0.5 BTC 的 UTXO。

Coin selection is used throughout the process by the model. This procedure locates the UTXO inputs for on-chain transactions.

模型在整个过程中都会使用硬币选择。此过程定位链上交易的 UTXO 输入。

The technique used by account-based ledgers like Ethereum differs from UTXOs. A bookkeeping procedure is used by account-based ledgers as opposed to UTXOs. This technique monitors users’ debits and credits in a digital ledger, much like how regular accounting journals operate.

以太坊等基于账户的账本使用的技术与 UTXO 不同。基于账户的分类账使用簿记程序，而不是 UTXO。这项技术监控用户在数字分类账中的借方和贷方，就像常规会计日记帐的运作方式一样。

Coin Selection and MACS Application

硬币选择和 MACS 应用

The coin selection procedure presents continuous problems for UTXOs. According to the Cardano Foundation, this pain point for users is brought on by the large digital footprint. The issue is made worse by the varying software capabilities of different wallets. As a result, the group produced a research paper titled “MACS: A Multi-Asset Coin Selection Algorithm for UTxO-based Blockchains” to look into a solution for the root problem.

硬币选择过程给 UTXO 带来了持续的问题。根据卡尔达诺基金会的说法，用户的这一痛点是由庞大的数字足迹带来的。不同钱包的软件功能不同，这个问题变得更糟。因此，该小组发表了一篇题为“MACS：基于 UTxO 的区块链的多资产代币选择算法”的研究论文，以研究根本问题的解决方案。

The Multi-Asset Coin Selection (MACS) proposed by the Cardano Foundation concentrates on the following essential aspects:

卡尔达诺基金会提出的多资产代币选择（MACS）集中于以下几个基本方面：

Insights Gathered by the Cardano Foundation

卡尔达诺基金会收集的见解

The MACS technique was found to be “promising behavior” by the Cardano Foundation in comparison to other algorithms. The findings, however, point to the necessity for further in-depth investigation and real-world application of the concept to optimize its configuration.

卡尔达诺基金会认为，与其他算法相比，MACS 技术是“有前途的行为”。然而，研究结果表明有必要进一步深入研究和实际应用该概念以优化其配置。

The Swiss group came to the conclusion that MACS has a good potential to optimize transactions for lower cost, faster speed, and greater privacy on a UTXO-based blockchain. It was noted that all of these might ultimately improve the user experience.

该瑞士集团得出的结论是，MACS 在优化基于 UTXO 的区块链上的交易以实现更低的成本、更快的速度和更大的隐私方面具有巨大的潜力。值得注意的是，所有这些最终都可能改善用户体验。