Kasplex L2：通过基于汇总的智能合约扩大UTXO区块链的功能

随着区块链技术的发展，可扩展性和可编程性仍然是主要的挑战，尤其是对于采用UTXO模型的区块链而言。

As blockchain technology develops, scalability and programmability remain key challenges, especially for blockchains that adopt the UTXO model. Kaspa, being a layer-one public blockchain with a BlockDAG structure, manages to achieve high throughput but lacks native smart contract functionality, a limitation also faced by other UTXO systems such as Bitcoin. To address this problem, the Kaspa ecosystem developed Kasplex L2, a second-layer solution that integrates smart contracts compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) based on the Rollup architecture.

随着区块链技术的发展，可扩展性和可编程性仍然是主要的挑战，尤其是对于采用UTXO模型的区块链而言。卡巴（Kaspa）是一个具有阻滞结构的一层公共区块链，设法达到了高吞吐量，但缺乏本机智能合同功能，其他UTXO系统（例如比特币）也面临着限制。为了解决这个问题，KASPA生态系统开发了Kasplex L2，这是一种第二层解决方案，该解决方案将基于汇总体系结构的Ethereum Virtual Machine（EVM）集成了智能合约。

In this article, we will conduct a technical analysis of Kasplex L2 from the perspective of a security and research institution. Our goal is to provide a tangible assessment of its design, technical implementation, and its implications for UTXO blockchains. We will explore how Kasplex L2 works, compare it to Bitcoin Inscriptions (such as BRC-20), and discuss its strengths and limitations. This analysis is intended to contribute to a broader discussion of scalability solutions for the UTXO model blockchain.

在本文中，我们将从安全和研究机构的角度对Kasplex L2进行技术分析。我们的目标是对其设计，技术实施及其对UTXO区块链的影响提供切实的评估。我们将探讨Kasplex L2的工作原理，将其与比特币铭文（例如BRC-20）进行比较，并讨论其优势和局限性。该分析旨在为UTXO模型区块链的可伸缩性解决方案进行更广泛的讨论。

Understanding Kaspa's primary chain: a high-throughput UTXO blockchain

了解Kaspa的主要链：高通量UTXO区块链

Kaspa is a first-level blockchain with a BlockDAG structure that allows multiple blocks to be generated in parallel. The design is driven by the GHOSTDAG protocol, which enables Kaspa to achieve a high throughput of 10 BPS. Unlike account-based blockchains such as Ethereum, Kaspa uses the UTXO model, where transactions are verified by consuming unspent outputs and creating new outputs, thus ensuring an efficient verification process.

KASPA是具有块状结构的第一级区块链，可以并行生成多个块。该设计是由Ghostdag协议驱动的，该协议使Kaspa能够达到10 bps的高吞吐量。与以太坊这样的基于帐户的区块链不同，Kaspa使用UTXO模型，在该模型中，通过消耗未经许可的输出并创建新输出来验证交易，从而确保有效的验证过程。

While this architecture performs well in payment scenarios, it presents difficulties in terms of programmability. The UTXO model is inherently stateless and lacks the ability to maintain persistent state or perform complex computations — critical features required for smart contracts. As a result, Kaspa's functionality is limited to simple transfers, which has motivated the development of second-layer solutions to expand its capabilities.

尽管此体系结构在付款方案中表现良好，但在可编程性方面却带来了困难。 UTXO模型本质上是无国籍的，并且缺乏保持持久状态或执行复杂计算的能力 - 智能合约所需的关键功能。结果，Kaspa的功能仅限于简单的转移，这促使开发了第二层解决方案以扩大其功能。

Kasplex L2: Rollup-based blockchain for smart contract execution

Kasplex L2：智能合同执行的基于汇总的区块链

The Kaspa ecosystem is exploring three Layer 2 (L2) solutions: Sparkle, Igra L2, and Kasplex L2. Among them, Sparkle is still in the theoretical stage, and Igra L2 is still in the development stage. Our analysis will focus on Kasplex L2 because it is the closest to mature implementation so far.

Kaspa生态系统正在探索三层2（L2）解决方案：Sparkle，Igra L2和Kasplex L2。其中，Sparkle仍处于理论阶段，IGRA L2仍处于开发阶段。我们的分析将重点放在Kasplex L2上，因为它是迄今为止最接近成熟的实施。

Among the three L2 solutions being explored by the Kaspa ecosystem—Sparkle, Igra L2, and Kasplex L2—Sparkle is still in the theoretical stage, Igra L2 is still in the development stage, and Kasplex L2 is the closest to mature implementation, so this article will focus on analyzing it in detail.

在Kaspa生态系统探索的三种L2解决方案中，Spparkle，Igra L2和Kasplex L2 - Spparkle仍处于理论阶段，IGRA L2仍处于开发阶段，Kasplex L2是最适合成熟的实施的关闭，因此本文将重点详细分析其详细分析。

Kasplex L2 is a Rollup-based second-layer scaling solution that relies on the first-level chain for transaction ordering and data availability, shifting the computational load to the second layer. In this design, Kaspa's first-level chain is responsible for determining the standard order of transactions and ensuring that its data is publicly available, while Kasplex L2 performs the task of executing EVM bytecode to realize smart contract functions.

Kasplex L2是一种基于汇总的第二层缩放解决方案，它依靠第一级链来用于交易顺序和数据可用性，将计算负载转移到第二层。在此设计中，Kaspa的第一级链负责确定交易的标准顺序并确保其数据公开可用，而Kasplex L2执行执行EVM字节码来实现智能合同功能的任务。

Technical design and workflow

技术设计和工作流程

The core mechanism of Kasplex L2 is to embed EVM bytecode in the payload of Kaspa primary chain transactions. The process can be divided into the following steps:

Kasplex L2的核心机制是将EVM字节嵌入Kaspa主要链交易的有效载荷中。该过程可以分为以下步骤：

1. Transaction submission: A user submits a transaction to the Kaspa primary chain, and the payload of this transaction contains EVM bytecode. For example, this payload may encode a call to the HelloWorld() smart contract function.

1。事务提交：用户将事务提交给Kaspa主要链，此交易的有效载荷包含EVM字节码。例如，此有效载荷可以编码呼叫到Helloworld（）智能合约功能。

2. First-level chain orders transactions: Kaspa's BlockDAG orders these transactions within its DAG structure, providing a deterministic transaction sequence.

2。第一级链订单交易：Kaspa的BlockDag在其DAG结构内订购了这些交易，提供了确定性的交易序列。

3. Layer 2 performs efficient execution: Kasplex L2 runs as an indexer, scanning the payload transactions on the primary chain, extracting the EVM bytecode, executing it in the specified order, and updating its state. Invalid or conflicting transactions (such as transactions attempting to double-spend) will be discarded.

3.第2层执行有效的执行：Kasplex L2作为索引器运行，扫描主链上的有效载荷交易，提取EVM字节码，以指定的顺序执行并更新其状态。将丢弃无效或冲突的交易（例如试图进行双重支付的交易）。

Transaction submission mechanism

交易提交机制

Currently, Kasplex L2 supports two transaction submission methods, each having different effects:

当前，Kasplex L2支持两种交易提交方法，每种都有不同的影响：

1) Canonical Submission: Transactions are submitted directly to L1 through Kaspa-compatible wallets. This method does not require relay nodes and complies with the decentralization principle of the blockchain system.

1）规范提交：交易通过兼容Kaspa兼容的钱包直接提交给L1。该方法不需要继电器节点，并且符合区块链系统的权力下放原理。

2) Proxied Submission: Transactions are submitted through a relayer to be compatible with EVM tools like MetaMask. The relayer forwards the transaction to Kaspa L1 to ensure that it is recorded before being processed by L2. This approach prioritizes user convenience but introduces a reliance on relayers.

2）代理提交：交易是通过接送器提交的，与MetAmask等EVM工具兼容。接送器将交易转发给Kaspa L1，以确保在通过L2处理之前对其进行记录。这种方法优先考虑用户的便利性，但介绍了对接送器的依赖。

The proxy submission mechanism ensures atomicity by requiring all second-layer transactions to be anchored on the L1 chain. If a transaction is generated on L2 but has not yet been recorded on the primary chain, the relayer will submit it to the L1 chain for confirmation. This design prevents "native

代理提交机制通过要求将所有第二层交易固定在L1链上来确保原子。如果在L2上产生了交易，但尚未在主要链上记录，则接力杆将其提交给L1链以进行确认。这种设计阻止了“本地