ZK時代已近：探索創新專案推進零知識證明

零知識證明，簡稱 ZKP，是密碼學的重要分支，在許多區塊鏈應用中被廣泛採用了。

Blockchains are becoming increasingly popular as smart contracts gain wider adoption. However, in an environment where everyone uses blockchains, people will expect unwavering performance, privacy, and security — and only Zero Knowledge cryptography can help achieve all three.

隨著智能合約得到更廣泛的採用，區塊鏈變得越來越受歡迎。然而，在每個人都使用區塊鏈的環境中，人們會期望堅定不移的效能、隱私和安全性——只有零知識密碼學才能幫助實現這三個目標。

ZKPs are an important branch of cryptography that’s been heavily adopted in many blockchain applications. They enable users to prove certain statements without revealing data, which can be useful both for scalability and privacy. An early example of their application is ZCash, a coin where zk-proofs are used to prove that a transaction is valid revealing the sender, the receiver, or the transaction amount — thus achieving full privacy.

ZKP 是密碼學的一個重要分支，在許多區塊鏈應用中得到了廣泛採用。它們使用戶能夠在不洩露資料的情況下證明某些陳述，這對於可擴展性和隱私都很有用。他們應用程式的一個早期例子是 ZCash，這是一種使用 zk 證明來證明交易有效的硬幣，揭示了發送者、接收者或交易金額，從而實現了完全的隱私。

As the on-chain landscape evolves, privacy and safety must keep pace to foster an open and trustworthy environment.

隨著鏈上格局的發展，隱私和安全必須與時俱進，以培養開放和值得信賴的環境。

Vitalik Buterin, founder of Ethereum, has emphasized the importance of advanced ZKP systems since 2016, including them as cornerstones of the Ethereum roadmap.

以太坊創辦人 Vitalik Buterin 自 2016 年以來一直強調先進的 ZKP 系統的重要性，並將其作為以太坊路線圖的基石。

In a recent post, Buterin presented a potentially more efficient algorithm for improving ZKPs and encouraged users and developers to explore and innovate further.

在最近的一篇文章中，Buterin 提出了一種可能更有效的演算法來改進 ZKP，並鼓勵使用者和開發人員進一步探索和創新。

Zero Knowledge technology is a branch of fundamental science being spearheaded and funded primarily by crypto projects. Here, we will discuss several innovative projects that all contributed to the advancement of ZKPs.

零知識技術是基礎科學的一個分支，主要由加密計畫帶頭和資助。在這裡，我們將討論幾個有助於 ZKP 進步的創新項目。

Space and Time’s Proof of SQL

SQL 的空間與時間證明

Transparency is crucial for reliably analyzing data and using it, but it’s also potentially costly and dangerous, depending on the volume and sensitivity of the data.

透明度對於可靠地分析和使用數據至關重要，但它也可能成本高昂且危險，具體取決於數據的數量和敏感性。

Space and Time, a startup backed by Microsoft VC and Samsung Next, is focused on developing one of the most efficient ZK-proofs specifically for data retrieval.

Space and Time 是由 Microsoft VC 和 Samsung Next 支援的新創公司，專注於開發專門用於資料擷取的最高效的 ZK 證明之一。

It relies on a network of nodes to store and process data and, with its AI technology, it is able to provide very fast ZKP, relying on both on-chain and off-chain data. They’ve developed a system they call HTAP (Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Processing), which enables performing complex near real-time queries with data originating from a blockchain.

它依靠節點網路來儲存和處理數據，並憑藉其人工智慧技術，能夠依靠鏈上和鏈下數據提供非常快速的 ZKP。他們開發了一個稱為 HTAP（混合事務/分析處理）的系統，該系統可以使用來自區塊鏈的資料執行複雜的近實時查詢。

However, Space and Time’s most significant innovation lies in their implementation of Proof of SQL, a novel use of zero-knowledge proofs. This approach allows users to cryptographically validate the accuracy of SQL data queries, giving cryptographic trust to the data being gathered.

然而，Space and Time 最重要的創新在於其 Proof of SQL 的實現，這是零知識證明的一種新穎用途。這種方法允許使用者以加密方式驗證 SQL 資料查詢的準確性，從而為所收集的資料提供加密信任。

Such technology opens new frontiers to enhance both data processing and analysis, facilitating things like off-chain order books for DeFi protocols or reliable analytics and rankings for GameFi and NFTs — and in the future, probably many more applications in the real world.

此類技術開闢了增強數據處理和分析的新領域，促進諸如 DeFi 協議的鏈下訂單簿或 GameFi 和 NFT 的可靠分析和排名之類的事情 - 未來可能會在現實世界中出現更多應用。

Polygon’s zkEVM

Polygon 的 zkEVM

Polygon is known as a quick and cheap network, but it will still eventually reach the limitations of a basic L1 blockchain.

Polygon 被認為是一種快速且廉價的網絡，但它最終仍將達到基本 L1 區塊鏈的限制。

A multi-layer scaling approach helps balance large transaction loads, keeping transactions affordable for users. Polygon, for its own scalability path, has chosen to go all-in on ZK, acquiring multiple research and product teams working on advancing Zero Knowledge.

多層擴展方法有助於平衡大量交易負載，使用戶能夠負擔得起交易。 Polygon 為了實現自己的可擴展性，選擇全力投入 ZK，收購了多個致力於推進零知識的研究和產品團隊。

The Polygon zkEVM, launched in March 2023, was the first EVM-compatible Layer-2 using the zk-rollup technology to save on costs and improve performance.

Polygon zkEVM 於 2023 年 3 月推出，是第一個使用 zk-rollup 技術來節省成本並提高效能的 EVM 相容第 2 層。

The zk-rollup improves the scalability of the network by leveraging cryptographic techniques enabled by ZKPs to quickly verify the validity of data published to the chain. By compressing transaction data and verifying it with zk-proofs, the zkEVM is able to reduce gas fees by over 90%.

zk-rollup 透過利用 ZKP 啟用的加密技術來快速驗證發佈到鏈上的資料的有效性，從而提高了網路的可擴展性。透過壓縮交易數據並使用 zk-proofs 進行驗證，zkEVM 能夠減少 90% 以上的 Gas 費用。

Aztec’s Blockchain Privacy

阿茲特克人的區塊鏈隱私

Aztec is one of the better known blockchain privacy pioneers, having worked on advancing ZK technology for over 6 years now.

Aztec 是最著名的區塊鏈隱私先驅之一，致力於推動 ZK 技術已有 6 年多的時間。

They’ve made significant contributions to the broader ZKP space over the years, for example by implementing PLONK, a proving system for ZKPs that was more powerful and decentralized than anything that came earlier (and yet has itself been superseded by now).

多年來，他們為更廣泛的 ZKP 領域做出了重大貢獻，例如透過實施 PLONK，這是一種 ZKP 證明系統，比之前的任何系統都更強大、更去中心化（但現在已被取代）。

Aztec is working on both a scalable and a private L2, using ZKPs in full strength. It has previously implemented zk.money, a privacy layer for asset transfers that used a proprietary UTXO system.

Aztec 正在全力使用 ZKP 來開發可擴展的私人 L2。它之前已經實作了 zk.money，這是一個使用專有 UTXO 系統進行資產轉移的隱私層。

The vision behind the project is to offer a fully private rollup, allowing people to store data and transactions privately on an encrypted blockchain. One of the more interesting and complex challenges faced by Aztec is the creation of Noir, a private smart contract language that would be compatible with circuits, or the basic building block of data that can be verified with ZKPs.

該項目背後的願景是提供完全私密的匯總，讓人們在加密的區塊鏈上私密地儲存資料和交易。 Aztec 面臨的更有趣和更複雜的挑戰之一是創建 Noir，這是一種與電路相容的私有智慧合約語言，或者是可以用 ZKP 驗證的資料的基本構建塊。

The project is set to soon launch a testnet of its private L2, finally giving a users a taste of its 6+ years of research and development.

該計畫即將推出其私有 L2 的測試網，最終讓用戶體驗其 6 年多的研發成果。

zkSync’s Ethereum Scaling

zkSync 的以太坊擴容

ZkSync by Matter Labs is another “old” project that has pushed ZKP development forward. It focuses specifically on offering more affordable and quick transactions in the Ethereum ecosystem, such as with their flagship product zkSync Era.

Matter Labs 的 ZkSync 是另一個推動 ZKP 開發向前發展的「舊」專案。它特別專注於在以太坊生態系統中提供更實惠、更快速的交易，例如其旗艦產品 zkSync Era。

zkSync Era is a zk-rollup that combines multiple transactions into a single proof processed off-chain, substantially increasing Ethereum’s transaction throughput.

zkSync Era 是一個 zk-rollup，它將多個交易合併為一個鏈下處理的證明，大大提高了以太坊的交易吞吐量。

Era was designed to

時代的設計目的是