Google的量子突破引发了对比特币和加密安全的新问题

Google Quantum Research团队的一份新发表的科学论文正在发出有关比特币和互联网安全未来的新闻报警

A newly published scientific paper by Google’s quantum research team is raising fresh alarms about the future of Bitcoin and internet security, signaling that quantum computers may be much closer than previously thought to breaking current encryption systems.

Google的量子研究团队的一份新发表的科学论文正在向比特币和互联网安全的未来发出新的警报，表明量子计算机可能比以前认为打破当前的加密系统要近得多。

The paper, written by Google researcher Craig Gidney and detailing the company’s latest progress in quantum computing, claims that RSA-2048 encryption—used widely in everything from online banking to cryptocurrency wallets—could be broken using quantum computers with just 1 million qubits. This is a significant decrease from the 20 million qubits previously estimated in 2019.

该论文由Google研究员Craig Gidney撰写，并详细介绍了该公司在量子计算方面的最新进展，声称RSA-2048加密（从在线银行业务到加密货币钱包）中的所有内容都广泛地使用，可以使用仅100万Qubits的量子计算机破坏。这与先前估计的2019年估计的2000万量位相比大幅下降。

This 20x reduction in required resources, signaled by a new algorithm for modular exponentiation, suggests that quantum threats could emerge years earlier than earlier projections.

通过新的模块化算法表示，所需资源的20倍减少表明，量子威胁可能比早期预测早年出现。

“This represents a 20-fold reduction in the number of qubits compared to our previous estimate in 2019, and a three-fold reduction from a 2022 estimate by a team at ETH Zurich,” stated Gidney in his blog post summarizing the findings.

Gidney在他的博客文章中说：“与我们先前的2019年估算值相比，量子位的数量减少了20倍，并且比苏黎世Eth Eth Zurich的2022年估算值减少了三倍。”

Quantum Leap in Efficiency

效率的量子飞跃

This breakthrough is made possible by improvements in both quantum algorithms and error correction. One of the most significant advancements is the doubling in speed of the complex operation known as modular exponential computation, which forms the basis of RSA security. Additionally, a new method called “magic state cultivation” was able to increase task accuracy and reduce quantum resource requirements further.

通过改进量子算法和误差校正，使这一突破成为可能。最重要的进步之一是复杂操作的速度加倍，称为模块化指数计算，这构成了RSA安全性的基础。此外，一种称为“魔术状态培养”的新方法能够提高任务准确性并进一步降低量子资源需求。

Moreover, the researchers were able to boost logical qubit density, meaning more usable quantum bits can operate in the same physical space, drastically improving processing capabilities. This density varied between 16 and 64 logical qubits per physical qubit, depending on the specific task and preferred error rate.

此外，研究人员能够提高逻辑量子密度，这意味着更可用的量子位可以在相同的物理空间中运行，从而大大提高了处理能力。该密度在每个物理值的16到64个逻辑量子位之间变化，具体取决于特定任务和首选错误率。

The researchers chose to focus on RSA-2048, a commonly used variant of the RSA algorithm with a 2,048-bit modulus. Their analysis indicates that breaking this level of RSA encryption would require approximately 1 million qubits and 10,000 logical T gates for performing modular exponentiation.

研究人员选择专注于RSA-2048，这是具有2,048位模量的RSA算法的常用变体。他们的分析表明，打破这种RSA加密水平将需要大约100万QUAT和10,000个逻辑T门才能执行模块化启动。

What It Means for Bitcoin

这对比特币意味着什么

While BTC uses elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) instead of RSA, both systems rely on complex mathematical problems that quantum computers are specifically designed to solve. Although Bitcoin’s 256-bit ECC encryption remains largely secure at present, the rapid acceleration of quantum computing tech raises questions about its long-term resilience.

尽管BTC使用椭圆曲线密码学（ECC）而不是RSA，但两个系统都依赖于量子计算机专门设计的复杂数学问题。尽管目前比特币的256位ECC加密仍然在很大程度上是安全的，但量子计算技术的快速加速提出了有关其长期弹性的问题。

Currently, the most powerful quantum machines, like IBM’s 1,121-qubit Condor and Google’s 53-qubit Sycamore, are still some way off the 1 million mark. But if the development trend continues, experts warn that ECC—including Bitcoin’s core security—could be vulnerable within the next decade.

目前，最强大的量子机，例如IBM的1,121 Qubit Condor和Google的53 Qubit Sycamore，仍然是100万大关的一部分。但是，如果发展趋势继续下去，专家警告说，包括比特币的核心安全性ECC可能会在未来十年内易受伤害。

This finding is significant as it highlights the urgency of preparing for a post-quantum world. Bitcoin developers and cybersecurity experts may soon face one of their biggest challenges yet.

这一发现很重要，因为它突出了为后量子世界做准备的紧迫性。比特币开发人员和网络安全专家可能很快就会面临他们迄今为止最大的挑战之一。