比特币的蜕变：第 2 层解决方案开启新视野

随着序数、符文和 BRC-20 等新原语的出现，比特币生态系统见证了创新的激增。这已将重点转向建立一个更具活力的生态系统，其中包含 BTC 资产投机之外的各种用例。 L1 网络在可扩展性和表现力方面的限制推动了对比特币第 2 层 (L2) 解决方案的需求。当前的 L2 开发包括具有局限性的闪电网络和 BitVM（一种与 Taproot 升级兼容的乐观汇总模型）。最终目标是在比特币上启用 ZK-rollups，这需要软分叉来引入新的操作码。尽管大肆宣传，但仍建议谨慎，因为许多自称的项目可能不是真正的 L2。

Bitcoin's Transformation: Embracing Layer-2 Solutions and Beyond

比特币的转型：拥抱 Layer-2 及其他解决方案

Bitcoin, the crypto-monolith that has revolutionized the financial landscape, has embarked on a remarkable journey of innovation and expansion. In recent years, the Bitcoin ecosystem has witnessed a surge in the development of new primitives, including Ordinals, Runes, and BRC-20s, marking a significant shift in the network's dynamics. This evolution has propelled Bitcoin from being solely valued as a financial asset to a vibrant ecosystem offering diverse opportunities for use, development, and speculation.

比特币作为一种彻底改变了金融格局的加密货币，已经踏上了一段非凡的创新和扩张之旅。近年来，比特币生态系统见证了新原语的发展激增，包括序号、符文和 BRC-20，标志着网络动态的重大转变。这种演变推动比特币从仅仅被视为一种金融资产，转变为一个充满活力的生态系统，提供多样化的使用、开发和投机机会。

Central to this transformation has been the emergence of Layer-2 (L2) solutions, which have captured the attention of the Bitcoin community. L2s have emerged as a critical component in addressing the scalability limitations of the Bitcoin blockchain, which has faced challenges in handling the growing demand for transactions, resulting in expensive fees, particularly during periods of peak network activity.

这一转变的核心是第 2 层 (L2) 解决方案的出现，它引起了比特币社区的关注。 L2 已成为解决比特币区块链可扩展性限制的关键组成部分，比特币区块链在处理不断增长的交易需求方面面临挑战，导致昂贵的费用，特别是在网络活动高峰期间。

The Necessity of L2s

L2 的必要性

The Bitcoin network prioritizes security and decentralization, which has necessitated trade-offs in terms of scalability and expressivity as a blockchain. While this design approach has enhanced the value of Bitcoin as an asset, it has also limited its suitability as an infrastructure for building complex financial applications, a role that has been effectively filled by platforms like Ethereum.

比特币网络优先考虑安全性和去中心化，这需要在区块链的可扩展性和表现力方面进行权衡。虽然这种设计方法提高了比特币作为资产的价值，但它也限制了其作为构建复杂金融应用程序的基础设施的适用性，而以太坊等平台有效地填补了这一角色。

The increasing demand for Bitcoin's block space, driven by experiments such as Ordinals, Runes, and BRC-20s, has underscored the need for scalability solutions. These experiments have led to a substantial increase in Bitcoin fees, highlighting the limitations of the network in handling high volumes of transactions.

在 Ordinals、Runes 和 BRC-20 等实验的推动下，对比特币区块空间的需求不断增长，这凸显了对可扩展性解决方案的需求。这些实验导致比特币费用大幅增加，凸显了网络在处理大量交易方面的局限性。

The Current State of Bitcoin L2s

比特币 L2 的现状

The Bitcoin community has diligently pursued efforts to improve transaction scalability for several years, and a key milestone in this endeavor has been the development of the Lightning Network. This payment channel protocol aims to facilitate faster and more affordable transactions by processing them off-chain, thus reducing the burden on the Bitcoin blockchain.

多年来，比特币社区一直在努力提高交易可扩展性，而这一努力的一个关键里程碑是闪电网络的发展。该支付通道协议旨在通过链下处理来促进更快、更实惠的交易，从而减轻比特币区块链的负担。

While the Lightning Network has been a significant step forward in Bitcoin's scalability journey, its limitations have become increasingly apparent. There is a growing consensus that the Lightning Network may not be the definitive scaling solution for Bitcoin, and the need for more effective L2s has become evident.

虽然闪电网络在比特币的可扩展性之旅中向前迈出了重要一步，但其局限性也变得越来越明显。人们越来越一致认为，闪电网络可能不是比特币最终的扩容解决方案，并且对更有效的 L2 的需求已经变得显而易见。

BitVM: A New Paradigm for Trust-Minimized Bitcoin L2s

BitVM：信任最小化比特币 L2 的新范式

Amidst the search for improved L2s, BitVM has emerged as a promising model for executing Turing-complete contracts on Bitcoin. This approach has gained traction due to its compatibility with the Taproot upgrade, allowing for deployment without modifications to the Bitcoin network and preserving its existing rules.

在寻找改进的 L2 的过程中，BitVM 已成为在比特币上执行图灵完备合约的有前途的模型。这种方法因其与 Taproot 升级的兼容性而受到关注，允许在不修改比特币网络的情况下进行部署并保留其现有规则。

BitVM utilizes off-chain transaction execution with the ability to verify transactions on-chain through fraud proofs within a challenge window, akin to Ethereum's optimistic rollups. This system operates with the assumption that there is at least one honest verifier in the system capable of detecting and broadcasting malicious transactions.

BitVM 利用链下交易执行，能够通过挑战窗口内的欺诈证明来验证链上交易，类似于以太坊的乐观汇总。该系统的运行假设系统中至少有一个诚实的验证者能够检测和广播恶意交易。

However, BitVM's trust-minimized approach has its limitations. It only allows for the creation of trust-minimized Bitcoin L2s like optimistic rollups, not trustless Bitcoin L2s like ZK-rollups. Additionally, it faces challenges similar to optimistic rollups on Ethereum, such as lengthy dispute resolution times and the need for operators to lock up significant capital to ensure liquidity for potential withdrawals.

然而，BitVM 的信任最小化方法有其局限性。它只允许创建信任最小化的比特币 L2（如乐观汇总），而不允许创建无信任的比特币 L2（如 ZK-rollups）。此外，它还面临着类似于以太坊乐观汇总的挑战，例如冗长的争议解决时间以及运营商需要锁定大量资金以确保潜在提款的流动性。

The End-State: ZK-Rollups

最终状态：ZK-Rollups

The long-term vision for Bitcoin L2s lies in ZK-rollups, which offer trustless interactions between Bitcoin and the rollup through the use of zero-knowledge proofs. However, implementing ZK-rollups on Bitcoin presents technical complexities. It would require a soft fork to add a new opcode to the Bitcoin network, enabling the native recognition and verification of zero-knowledge proofs.

比特币 L2 的长期愿景在于 ZK-rollup，它通过使用零知识证明在比特币和 rollup 之间提供无需信任的交互。然而，在比特币上实施 ZK-rollups 存在技术复杂性。它将需要一个软分叉来向比特币网络添加新的操作码，从而实现零知识证明的本机识别和验证。

The Current Landscape of Bitcoin L2s

比特币 L2 的现状

Despite the challenges in developing true Bitcoin rollups, the ecosystem is abuzz with projects laying the groundwork for future L2s. Some, like BOB, are taking a phased approach, bootstrapping an ecosystem as an EVM rollup, transitioning to an optimistic rollup using BitVM when the technology matures, and ultimately aiming to evolve into a zk-rollup if Bitcoin undergoes a soft fork.

尽管开发真正的比特币 Rollups 面临挑战，但生态系统中充满了为未来 L2 奠定基础的项目。有些人，比如 BOB，正在采取分阶段的方法，以 EVM rollup 的形式启动一个生态系统，当技术成熟时过渡到使用 BitVM 的乐观 rollup，并最终目标是在比特币经历软分叉时演变成 zk-rollup。

Caution Amidst the Hype

炒作中需谨慎

The surge in interest in Bitcoin L2s has also created opportunities for scams and misleading claims. Investors and users should exercise caution when evaluating self-proclaimed L2 projects, as many may simply be using buzzwords to attract funding without offering genuine L2 solutions.

人们对比特币 L2 的兴趣激增也为诈骗和误导性声明创造了机会。投资者和用户在评估自称的 L2 项目时应谨慎行事，因为许多项目可能只是使用流行语来吸引资金，而不提供真正的 L2 解决方案。

The Future of Bitcoin

比特币的未来

The emergence of Bitcoin L2s adds to the excitement surrounding the future of Bitcoin. As the network continues to evolve and embrace innovation, the potential for increased adoption and usability remains immense. From the launch of the Bitcoin spot ETF, signaling institutional adoption, to the development of new primitives and the promise of L2 solutions, the Bitcoin ecosystem is poised for sustained growth and innovation.

比特币 L2 的出现让人们对比特币的未来更加兴奋。随着网络不断发展并拥抱创新，提高采用率和可用性的潜力仍然巨大。从标志着机构采用的比特币现货 ETF 的推出，到新原语的开发和 L2 解决方案的承诺，比特币生态系统已做好持续增长和创新的准备。